毛主席为什么要在全国大办“五七干校”

文化 2025-01-09 06:39 宁夏

毛主席的良好愿望

自从毛泽东认为苏联党已经变质、赫鲁晓夫是修正主义的代表人物以来，他就一直在研究苏联是怎么变的，一直考虑在中国如何防止出修正主义的问题。他通过对各种材料的分析发现，苏联的干部是不劳动的，他们高高在上，脱离人民。不光如此，苏联干部的子女也是特殊的。

在苏联，党员、干部，要由干部子女来当，普通劳动人民的子女不能或很少能当党员、干部。他还看到，中国的干部中也有脱离群众、脱离劳动的现象。许多干部从来不劳动，搞特殊化。他们穿得干干净净，吃得好，还看不起工人、农民，对工人、农民搞瞎指挥，甚至打骂群众。

经过观察和思考后，毛泽东得出了一个初步的认识：干部搞特殊化，脱离劳动，脱离人民，是产生修正主义的重要原因。为了避免中国的干部腐化变质，毛泽东形成了一个干部要参加劳动，通过劳动，与人民群众保持密切联系的思路。毛泽东的这个思路反映在他写的两个批语中。

一个批语是1963年5月9日，毛泽东对《浙江省七个关于干部参加劳动的好材料》写的批语。毛泽东在这则批语中写道：“阶级斗争、生产斗争和科学实验，是建设社会主义强大国家的三项伟大革命运动，是使共产党员免除官僚主义、避免修正主义和教条主义，永远立于不败之地的确实保证，是使无产阶级能够和广大劳动群众联合起来，实行民主专政的可靠保证。”

另一个批语是1964年12月12日写的。毛泽东在这个批语中写道：“如果管理人员不到车间、小组搞‘三同’（指同吃、同住、同劳动），拜老师学一门至几门手艺，那就一辈子会同工人阶级处于尖锐的阶级斗争状态中，最后必须要被工人阶级把他们当作资产阶级打倒。不学会技术，长期当外行，管理也搞不好。以其昏昏，使人昭昭，是不行的。”“走资本主义道路的领导人，是已经变成或者正在变成吸工人血的资产阶级分子。这些人是斗争对象、革命对象，社教运动绝对不能依靠他们。”

此外，毛泽东在1964年回答法国总统特使马尔罗的提问时说：“我们采取了一些措施，避免走修正主义道路。”他所说的具体措施中，很关键的，就是干部参加劳动。可见，毛泽东在20世纪60年代中期就形成了一个良好的愿望——通过干部参加劳动来防止中国出修正主义。但是，在当时，毛泽东还没有找到一个将干部统一组织起来参加劳动的好形式。

林彪的一份报告，引出了毛泽东的“五七指示”

1966年初，毛泽东对中国政治形势的分析已经发生了进一步的变化。此时，他认为，在中国已经有相当大的一部分领导权不在无产阶级手里，而落入了“走资本主义道路的当权派”的手里。“走资本主义道路的当权派”，中央有，省里有，地区一级有，县一级有，公社一级有，甚至生产大队、生产小队一级也有。而且，从面上看，工厂、机关、学校、部队里面，都有“走资本主义道路的当权派”。

随着毛泽东这一认识的形成，他对干部参加劳动的问题，更加感到迫切了。可是，他看到，过去中央光是号召干部参加劳动，但各地执行的情况很不一样，可以说，大部分没有认真执行。许多地方流于形式，走过场。那么，怎样才能找到让干部参加劳动的最好形式呢?

正当毛泽东认真考虑这一问题时，林彪给毛泽东寄来了一份报告。林彪寄给毛泽东的是1966年5月2日总后勤部关于进一步搞好部队农副业生产给中央军委的报告。这份报告说，从近几年的情况来看，军队搞生产确实是一件大事，具有重大的政治意义和经济意义。

毛泽东看了这个报告后，肯定了报告中提出的五条做法和总的想法。但毛泽东考虑问题的思路，却不限于军队生产的范围。他考虑得更深更远。他由军队搞生产，联想到办一种“大学校”的问题。这种“大学校”，各行各业都要办。在“大学校”里，可以学政治，学军事，学文化，又能从事生产，由此形成一个体系。这个体系，正好与他1958年所设想的办人民公社的初期思路相合。

基于这一考虑，毛泽东于5月7日给林彪写了一封信。这就是著名的“五七指示”。

从毛泽东的“五七指示”中可以看出，毛泽东此时已经把办军队式的“大学校”与“党政机关工作人员”联系起来，认为“党政机关工作人员”也要这样做。此时，他的思路已经向把干部集中起来办“大学校”转变了。在这个“大学校”里，不光是参加生产劳动，而且把生产劳动与学习军事，学习政治，学习文化，批判资产阶级联系起来。但是，毛泽东的这一思路，只是初步的。他也只是在提到工人、农民、解放军、学校都办这种“大学校”的同时，提了一下干部。具体怎么办，他还没有考虑好。

柳河“五七”干校成典型

正当中央高层领导人，都为安置上述干部发愁时，远在边陲的黑龙江省，突然冒出了一个柳河“五七”干校。

原来，黑龙江省革命委员会也一直在为如何安排精简下来的干部和“牛棚”（公知们对干校的丑化描述）里的干部而发愁。一开始，黑龙江省革命委员会负责人只是安排这些人打扫卫生，清理街道的垃圾，干一些杂活。但这些活毕竟有限，干完这些活，这些人仍然闲着无事做。

后来，黑龙江省革命委员会负责人想出一个办法：把这些干部集中安排到农村，办一个农场，保留工资待遇，让他们在体力劳动中“改造”自己。黑龙江省革命委员会负责人派人经过专门考察选址，最后选定了庆安县的柳河，作为办这种农场的试点。

于是，黑龙江省革命委员会在1968年5月7日，毛泽东的“五七指示”发表两周年之际，正式启动这一计划，当天组织第一批干部到达柳河，并把这个农场命名为——柳河“五七”干校。

柳河“五七”干校初办时还算顺利。到达那里的干部，与当地农民建立了深厚的感情，他们的生活和劳动也得到了当地农民的帮助。这些干部在柳河种了不少地，又新开了一些荒地，盖了不少新房子，还种树，搞副业生产。黑龙江省革命委员会把办柳河“五七”干校的经验介绍材料进行了上报。

毛泽东看到这个材料后，于9月30日写了一则批语。他写道：“此件可在《人民日报》发表。广大干部下放劳动，这对干部是一种重新学习的极好机会，除老弱病残者外都应这样做。在职干部也应分批下放劳动。以上请提到碰头会上讨论决定。”

这样，柳河“五七”干校便成了受到毛泽东肯定的典型。各地纷纷仿效柳河“五七”干校，办起了许多干校。中央各机关，包括中央办公厅，也都在外地寻找地点，分别办起了各自的“五七”干校。一时间，“五七”干校在全国到处“开花”。

“五七”干校“改造”和“锻炼”干部的两种功能

“五七”干校有中央办公厅办的，有中央各部办的，有省一级革命委员会办的，有地市一级革命委员会办的，也有县一级革命委员会办的

一开始，黑龙江省办的柳河“五七”干校，主要是为了安置精简下来的干部和“牛棚”里的干部。毛泽东的批示下来之后，中央各单位、各地各单位办的“五七”干校，就不能只限于此了。因为毛泽东在批示中明确指出，“除老弱病残者外”，广大干部都应该下放劳动，“在职干部也应分批下放劳动”。而且，毛泽东还把自己的女儿也送到中央办公厅办的“五七”干校去锻炼。

“五七”干校的两种功能，针对的是两部分不同的人。这两部分不同的人，结局也大不相同。精简下来的干部、“牛棚”里的干部及其他一些干部，是去接受“改造”的，因此，他们大多举家搬迁到了“五七”干校，一去就是数年，在那里长期劳动。

另一部分人，即靠造反起家的人，到干校后，大多都担任大大小小的头头。他们一般不从事体力劳动，即使参加一点体力劳动，也是轻微的。有的则干脆搞一些花架子，走一走形式了事。他们更重要的任务是对“五七”干校中的广大干部进行监督、管理。这些人一般只在“五七”干校呆很短的时间。他们回去以后，就算镀了一层“金”，有了进一步被提拔的“资本”。

“五七”干校被新党校所取代

1971年林彪事件发生后，中国先后开展了“批陈整风”、“批林批孔”运动。毛泽东的注意力也转到了这些事上面。同时，原来的闲置干部既然得到了安置，也就不大引人注目了。

1971年底至1972年初，周恩来在主持中央日常工作中，率先解放了一大批老干部，并恢复他们的工作。此后，各地在解放老干部问题上，也有所动作。这样，下放到“五七”干校劳动的一大批“牛棚”里的干部，得以陆续离开“五七”干校回城，这使仍在那里劳动的其他人也开始不安心起来，他们纷纷回城申诉或找关系，争取早日从“五七”干校回城。

这些情况使“五七”干校逐渐冷清下来：在那里劳动的人越来越少，部分农田也荒芜了;在食堂里吃饭的人和做饭的人，都少了许多。，有的只留下三五个人看守房舍和农具。

这种冷清局面，从1973年开始即已出现，到1977年，足足持续了四五年的时间。在这四五年时间里，从中央到地方的各级领导，对“五七”干校的事情都很少过问。大多数地方，则把“五七”干校当作让干部轮流去劳动、学习一段时间的场所。

1977年10月5日，中共中央作出了《关于办好各级党校的决定。10月9日，根据中共中央的决定，经过认真的准备，中央党校举行开学典礼。中央党校开办之后，原来在各地各级“五七”干校中所遗留下来的教职工，也随即合并到党校系统之中。1979年2月17日，国务院发出了《关于停办“五七”干校有关问题的通知》，从此，“五七”干校从中国的历史舞台上陆续消失。

今天我们用毛主席在延安文艺座谈会上的一段讲话作为结语：

在这里，我可以说一说我自己感情变化的经验。我是个学生出身的人，在学校养成了一种学生习惯，在一大群肩不能挑手不能提的学生面前做一点劳动的事，比如自己挑行李吧，也觉得不像样子。那时，我觉得世界上干净的人只有知识分子，工人农民总是比较脏的。知识分子的衣服，别人的我可以穿，以为是干净的；工人农民的衣服，我就不愿意穿，以为是脏的。

革命了，同工人农民和革命军的战士在一起了，我逐渐熟悉他们，他们也逐渐熟悉了我。这时，只是在这时，我才根本地改变了资产阶级学校所教给我的那种资产阶级的和小资产阶级的感情。这时，拿未曾改造的知识分子和工人农民比较，就觉得知识分子不干净了，最干净的还是工人农民，尽管他们手是黑的，脚上有牛屎，还是比资产阶级和小资产阶级知识分子都干净。这就叫做感情起了变化，由一个阶级变到另一个阶级。

我们知识分子出身的文艺工作者，要使自己的作品为群众所欢迎，就得把自己的思想感情来一个变化，来一番改造。没有这个变化，没有这个改造，什么事情都是做不好的，都是格格不入的！

毛主席十年间的辉煌成就，太震撼了！

农业生产：粮食总产量从1949年的2264亿斤，增长到1978年的6095.4亿斤，前29年增长了169.23％，年均递增3.47%；从1978年的6095.4亿斤，增长到2018年13158亿斤，后40年增长了115.87％，年均递增1.94%，前29年比后40年年平均递增幅度高79%。

克莱因瓶是一个不可定向的二维紧流形，而球面或轮胎面是可克莱因瓶克莱因瓶定向的二维紧流形。如果观察克莱因瓶，有一点似乎令人困惑－－ “67P/楚留莫夫-格拉希门克”彗星 [67] 在太 CHAPTER X. TOBACCO OFFERINGS. 1808. It was a beautiful moonlight evening in August. A shadowy haze lingered over the river, which glistened and sparkled in the moonlight. The Chief and several members of his family were seated on the beach in front of the Wigwam listening to the Honorable Joseph Papineau, who, with his son, Louis Joseph, had come up in a canoe to see the falls. The former had recently purchased from Bishop Laval the unsettled seigniory of Petit Nation, and had erected an unpretentious cottage, which he occupied during the summer months. HON. LOUIS JOSEPH PAPINEAU AND MADAME PAPINEAU. From Morgan's "Types of Canadian Women" (copyright, 1903), by permission. HON. LOUIS JOSEPH PAPINEAU AND MADAME PAPINEAU. From Morgan's "Types of Canadian Women" (copyright, 1903), by permission. "It was a lovely vision," said Mr. Papineau, who had just performed the feat of canoeing to the foot of the Chaudiere Falls for the first time. "On our return we climbed the rugged cliff on the south side, and never shall I forget the panorama that spread out before us. The sun, sinking slowly behind the Laurentian hills, had clothed himself with a robe of splendor. The long reflections lay soft on the waters of the river below. The clouds of ascending mist from the Chaudiere took a thousand shades of color as the western sky faded slowly from crimson into gold and from gold to green and gray, and finally displayed dark shapes, out of which imagination might well have formed a thousand monsters.* * Louis Joseph, afterwards known as the Demosthenes of Canada, and who almost succeeded in making Canada a Republic, with himself as President, was evidently much impressed with the scene, which he described as follows: "Le soleil etait pret decendre sous l'horison, la mureille tout limpide etait d'une transparence vivre, tout penetree de lumiere vaguement prismatiseé." "As we watched the gathering shadows my thoughts went back two hundred years, to the time when Champlain went on his first trip up the 'Riviere des Algoumequins,' as he called it. About two years before he took the trip he sent Nicholas de Vignan, a young Frenchman, up the river with some friendly Indians, and Nicholas had returned with the marvellous story that he had reached the North Sea. He said that the journey could be made in a few days. He also gave an account of having seen the wreck of an English ship. "Champlain was completely taken in, and lost no time in starting off to verify the discovery for which the world had been looking for some time. His fleet consisted of two canoes with two Indians and three Frenchmen, one of whom was Dg employment to over one hundred men. Fortunately for the pioneers of the Ottawa, they were not dependent upon the small revenue derived from the cultivation of the land, but had other resources which afforded them much greater remuneration. The British Navy, which hitherto had been dependent upon Russia for its cordage and lumber, had to look elsewhere for its supply of hemp and timber, owing to the ports of the Baltic having been closed to British ships. The price of hemp having risen from ￡25 to ￡118 per ton, they undertook the cultivation of it, and raised over three-fourths of the amount raised in Lower Canada at that time. The exportation of lumber and vegetable alkali, or potash, were also great sources of revenue. In the new clearances were tons of wood ashes from which the lye was extracted and boiled till it looked like molten iron, a barrel of which sold at that time for thirty dollars. Prosperity and success crowned every commercial enterprise upon which they ventured until fire swept every mill, factory and dwelling in the thriving little village out of existence, including thousands of dollars in cash in a small safe in the office, quantities of wheat, hemp, sawn lumber, laths and general merchandise. As there was no compensation in the way of insurance, the loss was much felt. Philemon Wright was not the man to be deterred from climbing the ladder of success, even though he had to mount it by the rungs of adverse circumstances. Though the loss sustained was great, almost overwhelming, he rose above it with a courage which yielded not to disappointment or failure. The cause of the fire long remained a mystery. That it was the work of an incendiary was beyond question. Various theories were advocated by the settlers, but suspicion rested upon Machecawa, who, it was alleged, had been seen by the bookkeeper at a late hour lingering about the mills, a suspicion which gained no credence with the Chief and his family.阳系的周围还包裹着一个庞大的“奥尔特云”。星云内分布着不计其数的冰块、雪团和碎石。其中的某些会受太阳引力影响飞入内太阳系，这就是彗 [76] 在超新星爆发的过程中所释放的能量，需要我们的太阳燃烧900亿年才能与之相当。[77] 超新星研究有着关乎人类自身命运的深层意义。如果一颗超新星爆发的位置非常接近地球，目前国际天文学界普遍认为此距离在100光年以内，它就能够对地球的生物圈产生明显的影响，这样的超新星被称为近地超新星。有研究认为，在地球历史上的奥陶纪大灭绝，就是一颗近地超新星引起的，这次灭绝导致当时地球近60%的海洋生物消失。[78]

克莱因瓶是一个不可定向的二维紧流形，而球面或轮胎面是可克莱因瓶克莱因瓶定向的二维紧流形。如果观察克莱因瓶，有一点似乎令人困惑－－克莱因瓶的瓶颈和瓶身是相交的，换句话近代科学兴起的先驱者、是捍卫科学真理并为此献身的殉道士。有另一种说法认为，近代以来关于罗马梵蒂冈的地心说和哥白尼的日心说的斗争是被严重夸大的。布鲁诺1600年遭受火刑的原因，并非因知行星围绕太阳作圆周运动。然而，人们是否能接受哥白尼提出的新的宇宙模式呢？全世界的人——尤其是权力极大的天主教会是否相信太阳是宇宙中心这一说法呢？由于害怕教会的惩罚，哥白尼在世时不敢公开他的发现。1543年，这一发现才公诸天下。即使在那个时候，哥白尼的发现还不断受到教会高无上的真理，凡是违背圣经的学说，Eighteen months passed. The Chief was in Quebec with Hannah and Abbie awaiting the arrival of Rug, who had been sent by his father to the Mother Land to dispose of two cargoes of timber. It was an unusually cold evening in June. Snow had been falling all day. The neighboring hills were covered with large feathery crystals, which, however, soon melted as the sun appeared for a moment before sinking behind the gray walls of the Castle St. Louis. Just as the evening gun was fired, news had reached the union Hotel that a vessel had been sighted near the Island of Orleans. It was ascertained that it w against a sea voyage from the time they left Liverpool. "Nor is this all," he said; "I have something better still on board for the new settlement, namely, twenty-five English families, who are going to take up land in the township and pay for it in work." "And who nearly turned mutineers," added the captain, slapping him on the shoulder, "did they not, Wright?" "How was that?" asked the Chief. "When we boarded the vessel at Liverpool," replied Rug, "some were bright and cheerful, but most of them were in tears, which showed that they did not leave the Old Land without a struggle. We soon weighed anchor and were under sail with a fair wind, but it came round to the east and blew fresher, so that we were forced to come to anchor not far from the place we left. The ship, as you may see, was fitted up for the timber trade, and has only a small cabin or quarter-deck. On each side are ranged two tiers of berths for passengers providing their own bedding. Along the open space in the middle we placed two rows of large chests which were used sometimes as tables, sometimes as seats—all of which I shall show you presently. There was much noise and confusion before all found berths; crying children, swearing sailors, scolding women, who had not been able to secure the beds they wanted, produced a chorus of a very melancholy nature. The disagreeableness of it was heightened by the darkness of the night and the rolling and a new and better country. "As we neared the banks of Newfoundland a most extraordinary phenomenon was produced by the dashing of the salt water against the bow of the ship in the evening. The water seemed on fire and produced a very fine effect. The next day a mass of ice appeared about two hundred yards distant. It was almost half a mile in length, and was moving south-east. Soon after we found the channel between Cape Breton and Cape Ray, and got into the ice. The captain sent eight men to the bow with fenders. One piece knocked splinters off the bow and threw us all down. About five days later we reached the Island of Anticosti, but I was too ill to see it. We saw porpoises in shoals plunging about the ship, while the sailors tried to harpoon them beneath the bow. About two hundred and eighty miles below Quebec the pilot came on board. His number was painted in large characters on his sail as well as on his boat. He had a cask of fresh water and some maple sugar, which he sold at an extortionate price to the passengers. "Near Bic Island we saw whales spouting water at a great height, and a habitant came out in a boat with a large basket of eggs, which he disposed of at a shilling per dozen, and so we continued on until the domes and towers of Quebec came in sight and I began to realize the inexpressible joy of being at home once more."* * Diary of Rev. Robert Bell and letters of R. Wright. Rug was a young man of great executive ability, a young man whose word could be relied upon with absolute certainty, a young man who proved himself the very soul of honor in all his business transactions.都被斥为“异端邪说”，凡是反对神权统治的人，都被处以火刑。新兴的资产阶级为自己的生存和发展，掀起了一场反对封建制度和教会迷信思想的斗争，出现了人文主义的思潮。他们使用的战斗武器，就是未被神学染污的古希腊的哲学、科学和文艺。这就是震撼欧洲的文艺复兴运动。文艺复兴首先发生于意大利，很快就扩大到波兰及欧洲其他国家。与此同时，商业的活跃也促进了对外贸易的发展。在“黄金”这个符咒的驱使下，许多欧洲冒险者远航非洲、印度及整个远东地区。远洋航行需要丰富的天文和地理知识，从实际中积累起来的观测资料，使人们感到当时流行的“地静天动”的宇宙 CHAPTER IV. AN INDIAN SUITOR. 1803. Machecawa and his friend O'Jawescawa became frequent visitors at the Wigwam. They would come in the morning, uninvited, and sit silently all day long before the open fire and observe all that was going on. The spinning-wheel and hand-loom were objects of unceasing interest to them, and though it proved a great distraction to the children in their studies, and to the girls in the performance of their domestic duties, to have them there, they were always treated not only with respect but with consideration and kindness. One morning Machecawa stood gazing intently into the fire. His face wore an expression of perplexity. At length he turned to the White Chief, who was explaining a mathematical problem to one of his boys, and said: "Big Injun, he want to speak his thoughts from books. He want to know white man's Manitou." "May I teach him, father? Just for an hour every day?" said Chrissy, a tall, fair, thoughtful girl of seventyour neck, Machecawa?" said Bearie, the second son, a short, well knit, sturdy-looking youth of eighteen, whose every expression reflected a bright, happy, generous disposition. "She am my Manitou," replied the Indian. &q39;you no eat no teeng seex days.' By em by I am dream some teeng, me, dat some teeng she am my manitou. She help me kill beeg bear; she mak dem Iroquois dogs run like one wild moose. My fadder she am pleese; she make my manitou on my arm—see!" he said, rolling up his sleeve. On his shoulder was the rude outline of a fish, which had been tatooed with sharp bones and with the juice of berries rubbed in. "But what is in the little bag?" asked Bearie. "Will you let me see it?" After a good deal of reluctance he gave in at last, and two curious boys untied the precious parcel, while the others, equally curious, looked over his shoulders at a few old broken fish bones which were all the little bag contained. "Well, old man," said Bearie, slowly replacing the sacred relics, "we put our faith in something better than that. The white man trusts the Great Spirit in heaven to care for him and to take him to heaven when he dies." "Any bear in hebben?" asked the Indian. "No," said Bearie, "only good people." "Dat hebben she am no good for big Injun," said Machecawa, sadly. "De happy hunting ground she am full of moose, buffalo, bear, beaver. She am far, far away at de end of land, where de sun she sleep—two, tree moons away. One beeg dog she am cross, an' she bark at dead Injun, but he go on, an' on, an' on, an' den he am glad." It began to dawn upon the vigilant mother at length that it was not so much the wonders of civilization nor the desire to "speak his thoughts from books" that led Machecawa day after day to the Wigwam, as an ever-increasing interest in her fun-loving daughter, Abbie, who was a year younger than Chrissy, and who seemed unconscious of the fact that the eyes of the red chief were ever upon her.学说值得怀疑，这就要求人们进一步去探索宇宙的秘密，从而推进了天文学和地理学的发展。1492年，意大利著名的航海家哥伦布发现新大陆，麦哲伦和他的同伴绕地球一周，证明地球是圆形的，使人们开始真正认识地球。[4] 对他国的影响在教会严密控制下的中世纪，也发生过轰轰烈烈的宗教革命。因为天主教的很多教义不符合圣经的教诲，而加入了太多教皇的个人意志以及各类神学家的自身成果，所以很多信徒开始质疑天主教的教义和组织，发起回归圣经的行动来。捷克的爱国主义者、布拉格大学校长扬·胡斯（1369～1415年）在君士坦丁堡的宗教会议上公开谴责德意志封建主与天主教会对捷克的压迫和剥削。他虽然被反动教会处以火刑，但他的革命活动在社会上引起了强烈的反应。捷克农民在胡斯党人的旗帜下举行起义，这次运动也波及波兰。1517年，在德国，马丁·路德（1483～1546年）反对教会贩卖赎罪符，与罗马教皇公开决裂。1521年，路德又在沃尔姆国会上揭露罗马教廷的罪恶，并提出建立基督教新教的主张。新教的教义得到许多国家的支持，波兰也深受影响。

工业生产：发电量（不能弄虚作假，可比性较强，有较强的说服力)：从1950年的46亿度，增长到1978年2566亿度，前28年增长了54.78倍，年均递增15.45％；从1978年的2566亿度，增长到2018年67914.2亿度，后40年增长了25.47倍，年均递增8.53％，前28年比后40年年平均递增幅度高81%。

即便是在被人抹黑的那场运动的十年间，在政治运动的声浪中，中国经济和科技仍然都取得了举世瞩目的辉煌成就：

一、1966年，中国导弹核武器试验成功，第一次含有热核材料的核试验成功，中国在世界上第一次人工合成结晶胰岛素，制成第一批10万千瓦水轮发电机组。

二、1967年，中国第一颗氢弹爆炸成功，成昆铁路掀起建设高潮，中国第一台100吨矿山铁路自翻车研制成功，中国第一台晶体管大型数字计算机研制成功，中国第一台自动化立体摄影机研制成功，中国最大的无线电望远镜安装调试成功。

三、1968年，中国第一艘万吨巨轮“东风”号建成，中国成功进行一次新的氢弹试验，万吨远洋巨轮“高阳”号下水，南京长江大桥竣工。

四、1969年，党的九大胜利召开，国内公债全部还清，中国研制成具有独特疗效的抗菌素——“庆大霉素”，第一次地下核试验成功，中国第一台十二万五千千瓦双水内冷气轮发电机组建成，第一艘万吨油轮“大庆27号”下水，中国第一座旋转氧气转炉投入生产。

五、1970年，中国成功发射第一颗人造地球卫星，《东方红》乐曲响彻太空，第一艘核潜艇研制成功，中国大飞机项目正式启动，大型现代化露天煤矿——新疆哈密矿务局露天煤矿投产，成昆铁路建成。

六、1971年，毛主席运用乒乓球小球推动大球外交策略，美国基辛格秘密访华，打开了对外开放的大门，中国成功发射第一颗科学实验人造地球卫星，诞生了中国第一台集成电路数控机床，第一艘两万吨货轮“长风”号下水，中国海军作为世界上第五个拥有核潜艇的海军跨入了世界核海军行列。

七、1972年，尼克松总统访华，中美互设联络处，屠呦呦团队发明青蒿素，湘黔铁路通车，中国第一辆载重300吨的大平板车问世。

八、1973年，中国成功进行了一次氢弹试验，中国第一台百万次集成电路电子计算机研制成功，同中国有贸易关系的国家和地区增加到150多个，中国第一台天文测时、测纬光电等高仪研制成功。

九、1974年，1月12日，为在本世纪内实现毛主席提出的用几个五年计划时间赶上和超过世界水平的战略思想，国家计委提出《关于拟定长远计划的报告》；中国第一艘二万五千吨级的浮船坞“黄山号”建成，中国第一台医用电子感应加速器研制成功，中国第一个5万吨级码头建成，黄河青铜峡水利枢纽建成。

十、1975年，四届全国人大召开，提出到本世纪末实现农业、工业、国防、科学技术四个现代化；中国最大的水电站——刘家峡水电站建成，中国第一条电气化铁路——宝成铁路建成，袁隆平等培育的籼型杂交水稻通过鉴定，中国成功发射返回式地球卫星，下半年，连续发射成功３颗人造卫星，被人们称为“三星高照”。

十一、1976年，邮电部门发展传真通讯技术、建成全国微波通信干线，第一座现代化10万吨深水油港大连新港建成，第一艘五万吨级远洋油轮“西湖号”在大连下水，高速大型通用集成电路电子计算机研制成功，现代化化纤联合企业——福建维尼纶厂建成。

十二、大三线建设取得重大成就。从1965到1978年，全国在13个省、自治区开展的三线建设，共投入2050余亿元资金，到70年代末，三线地区的工业固定资产由292亿元增加到1543亿元，增长4.28倍，约占当时全国的1/3。职工人数由325.65万增加到1129.5万，增长2.46倍。工业总产值由258亿元增加到1270亿，增长3.92倍。

看了以上十年间辉煌成就的客观现实，你应该明白，某人说要把那十年说得比日本人来了还坏，把毛主席晚年这十年妖魔化，纯属是故意抹黑，心术不正。与我们党实事求是的思想路线相距甚远，甚至是背道而驰。

看了以上十年间辉煌成就的客观现实，你应该明白，从1966年到1976年的十年间，是中国经济、科技、国防和民生日新月异、突飞猛进的十年，是一个普通工人能够养活七八个孩子、并且可以供养其上大学的十年，同样是新中国70年间一段最辉煌的时间。

而50年后，越来越多的声音觉得，如果没有那场运动，中国恐怕早就被颜色革命成功。

其中，最著名的是王震将军的那句结论：毛主席比我们早看50年。

（来源：中国共产党新闻网原刊于《文史博览》）

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