Summary: The Neotropic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax brasilianus), a captivating waterfowl species, and graces the water bodies of the Americas with its distinctively sleek and striking appearance. Thriving in a variety of environments, from North to South America, this cormorant has become an integral part of the region's aquatic ecosystems. Measuring around 64 centimeters in length, with a wingspan of approximately 100 centimeters, the Neotropic Cormorant exhibits a sleek black plumage, occasionally tinged with brown in sub-adults. Its webbed feet, reminiscent of a duck, facilitate expert navigation through water, emphasizing its adaptation for an aquatic lifestyle. One of the notable characteristics of the Neotropic Cormorant is its exceptional underwater hunting skills. Utilizing its sharp, hooked bill, the cormorant dives into the water at speeds of up to several kilometers per hour, preying primarily on small fish, frogs, and aquatic insects. The species' hunting prowess is a testament to its specialization in piscivorous activities, even occasionally venturing into shallower waters when hunger strikes. During the breeding season, typically in spring, Neotropic Cormorants construct rudimentary nests using twigs and grass on trees or shrubs, positioning them 3 to 5 meters above the ground. The female lays 2-3 blue-white eggs, and both parents share the responsibilities of incubation for 25-30 days. Following hatching, the chicks are nurtured onshore by the parent birds, gradually transitioning to independent fishing as they mature. Widespread in its distribution, the Neotropic Cormorant can be found along coastal regions, lakeshores, and rivers, extending from California's coastline through Central America to various South American countries. It has also established populations on islands such as the Bahamas and Cuba. Notably, in regions like Peru, the cormorant plays a unique role in traditional fishing practices among the Uru people, showcasing the intricate connection between this waterfowl and local cultures.
While celebrated for its contributions to ecosystem balance by controlling fish and insect populations, the Neotropic Cormorant's acidic and corrosive droppings have raised environmental concerns in some areas. Balancing the preservation of these fascinating waterfowl with the protection of fragile ecosystems remains a critical focus of ongoing discussions and conservation efforts.
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在北美众多的海边、湖畔和河流中常常可以看到它们成群结队逆流而上飞行然后顺水而游下的矫健活力的身子,它会花许多时间在岸上晒太阳或梳理羽毛,它一双如同鸭子的脚蹼让它能在水下以4-8公里/小时的速度追杀水下游泳的鱼类,只有当它饥饿时它才会潜入水中用它橙黄色带锐利尖勾的嘴喙抓捕在水下漫游觅食的活鱼,因为它不能在水下吞食活鱼所以它必须用嘴喙夹住活鱼身并浮出水面,之后它会调整鱼的位置使鱼在其口中呈现鱼头向下入口的方向后将这条活鱼吞进腹中,它全身披着黑中略带褐色的羽毛(亚成鸟羽毛是深褐色),一双蓝绿色眼睛和橙黄色的嘴喙似乎是它与其同胞兄弟亚洲鸬鹚最明显的外貌区别,它就是美洲鸬鹚,一种能潜入水下并是极为高效猎鱼的水鸟。在南美洲的秘鲁,居住在泰莱拉岛(Isla de Taquile)等地区的湖泊和岛屿上的土著民族乌鲁族(Uru)人会像广西阳朔漓江渔民那样利用美洲鸬鹚进行传统方式的捕鱼。他们通过训练美洲鸬鹚来完成潜水捕鱼。在捕鱼过程中,美洲鸬鹚会听从主人指令潜入水中,利用其出色的潜泳速度和猎食本领捕捉整条大活鱼,然后鸬鹚会被乌鲁族人通过绳索连接的环形颈圈阻止其吞咽大活鱼,使其将捕获的鱼用嘴喙带出到乌鲁族人划船附近水面上,最后划船的乌鲁族人将大鱼从鸬鹚嘴上取出后贩卖。这一传统捕鱼技术有非常高的表演和欣赏性于是在当地被视为一种独特而特殊的文化遗产而吸引了许多国际游客前来观赏,鸬鹚捕鱼也就成为了秘鲁当地旅游业的一项特色旅游节目活动。美洲鸬鹚在美洲大陆的大部分地区是留鸟但也有部分的鸬鹚在冬季会迁徙到加拿大西岸或南美的阿根廷等地越冬。令人费解的是在海里到处都是鱼的情况下,美洲鸬鹚为了从同伴嘴里抢夺别人的鱼依然会成群结对追尾打劫捕到鱼的同类而不是自食其力努力潜水抓鱼。
美洲鸬鹚身长64厘米,双翅羽展达100厘米左右,雄鸟体重在1.1-1.5 公斤左右,雌鸟比雄鸟轻50-100克左右。美洲鸬鹚以食小鱼、蛙类和水生虫类等为生,每次潜水时间较短通常在10-15秒,但只要没有抓到鱼,它会连续不断地潜水尝试抓鱼直到抓捕到一条鱼为止。野生的美洲鸬鹚寿命在15年左右,人工驯养的可达25年。每年春天它们会进入繁殖期,它们要在离地面3-5米高的灌木丛或树上用树枝干草搭建简陋的巢,每年会繁衍一窝雌鸬鹚会产2-3枚蓝白色的卵,孵化期在25-30天,雌雄鸬鹚轮流坐窝孵化卵,美洲鸬鹚卵的受精率率和孵化率都不高,通常只会孵化出1-2只幼鸟,在多数情况只会孵出一只幼鸟,而孵化后的幼鸟会在岸上巢穴中被雌雄亲鸟喂养到二周左右之后才会随亲鸟下水,但双亲鸟将一直捕鱼喂养幼鸟九至十周左右,出壳后大约二个半月左右鸬鹚亚成鸟就能独自潜水捕鱼了,亚成鸟的羽毛颜色为褐色,随着时间推延到一岁左右,亚成鸟的羽毛才会长出栗黑色成年羽。美洲鸬鹚要到2-3岁才会进入成年繁殖发情期,它们在从加州沿海、中美洲和南美洲各国均有广泛分布并且种群数量庞大,环保人士粗略估计其数量有数百万只,这和北美人对海鱼挑食有极大关系,因为北美人基本上只吃三文鱼、虹鳟鱼和鳕鱼等少刺鱼而完全不碰其它杂鱼,这就为诸如西洋鱼鹰、美洲鸬鹚或白鹈鹕棕鹈鹕等提供无尽的鱼类食物。美洲鸬鹚的繁殖地可以追踪到南美洲的巴哈马和古巴等海岛,足见它们飞越海洋的能力强大。全球现有39种鸬鹚,有些还是处于濒危名单中稀少品种,例如皮岛鸬鹚和弱翅鸬鹚就是濒危品种之一。
然而,与其引人注目的繁衍和捕鱼技巧相对立的是,美洲鸬鹚的粪便却具有较强的酸性和腐蚀性。它们在岸边停留的地方常常寸草不生植被枯死。这引起了北美环保人士的关注和担忧,一些人甚至提议采取人道手段销毁部分美洲鸬鹚减少鸬鹚数量以保护当地脆弱的生态环境。这种观点曾引发了北美环保界一场关于如何平衡保护野生动物和维护生态平衡的讨论。美洲鸬鹚在美洲大陆这片广袤的水域中扮演着重要的角色,它们是生态系统中不可或缺的一部分。它们觅食水域中小鱼和水生虫类的数量,维护了当地的生态平衡。然而,它们的粪便对当地植被和土壤造成的影响也不可忽视。如何在保护这一物种的同时,减缓其对生态环境的影响和破坏成为了环保人士、生态学家和决策者们需要共同思考的问题。
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01.A Neotropic Cormorant is flapping its wings after diving(潜水后美洲鸬鹚正在甩干翅膀)。
02.A Neotropic Cormorant is taking off on water(正从海面起飞的美洲鸬鹚)
03.Neotropic Cormorant is surfacing with a catfish in its beak(美洲鸬鹚抓到海鲶鱼后浮出海面的精彩画面)。
04.Neotropic Cormorant is surfacing with a catfish in its beak(美洲鸬鹚抓到海鲶鱼后浮出海面准备吞食海鲶鱼的精彩画面)。
05.Neotropic Cormorant is running away with a catfish in its beak(美洲鸬鹚抓到海鲶鱼后躲避同类争抢而奋力逃跑的精彩画面)。
06.Neotropic Cormorant is flying away with a catfish in its beak(美洲鸬鹚抓到海鲶鱼后躲避同类争抢而奋力逃跑的精彩画面)。
07. Neotropic Cormorants are fighting for fish(美洲鸬鹚为了抢鱼而大打出手)。
07.In addition to avoiding being robbed by their own kind, Neotropic Cormorant also need to avoid being hunted and robbed by brown pelicans.(除了要躲避同类的追杀,美洲鸬鹚还要逃避棕鹈鹕的追杀抢劫)
08.Highlight of photographing Neotropic Cormorant in Florida, UAS(在美国佛罗里达洲海边拍摄美洲鸬鹚捕鱼精彩片段)
3)去哪里拍摄美洲鸬鹚(where to photography Neotropic Cormorant): 美国佛罗里达海滩及美洲各地(Beaches in Florida, USA & all countries in American Continent)
4) 拍摄器材和经验分享 (Gear & Know-how):
A. 摄影器材:相机,200-500毫米长焦镜头+1.4增倍镜;三角脚架。
B. 摄影经验分享。在清晨或傍晚的黄金时段顺光拍摄美洲鸬鹚捕鱼或抢鱼效果最好。由于鸬鹚捕鱼时离海岸较远,宜用600以上的长焦镜头拍摄,笔者用200-500镜头加1.4增倍镜拍摄是权宜之计(相当于700毫米的焦距)。看到海面或水中有鸬鹚潜入水中就要将镜头对准它可能带鱼冒出头的海面,此时用长焦镜头将鸬鹚套入框中用动态对焦模式追踪它,同时移动相机镜头随着鸬鹚飞行轨迹移动以便一直将鸬鹚套在镜头中,按住相机后背的Fn-On对焦按钮并用连续按下快门拍摄鸬鹚吃鱼和飞版动作。一定要用RAW格式记录,这样可以在后期时调整曝光补偿和色温WB,而用JPG格式存储的照片是无法调整曝光补偿和色温的。
C. 拍摄参数。吃鱼:M档,200-500mm镜头+1.4增倍镜,光圈 F5.6;ISO: 自动(限制不超过ISO 1000); WB:5200-5500K,快门S 1/800;视光线调整曝光补偿:EV-1。拍摄:多张连续拍摄。
鸬鹚飞版:M档,200-500mm镜头+1.4增倍镜,光圈 F5.6;ISO: 自动(限制不超过ISO 1000); WB:5200-5500K,快门S 1/1600;视光线调整曝光补偿:EV-1.7 或-2.3。相机优化:标准或人像,相机对焦模式切换:AF-C连续动态对焦,对焦:用相机后背的Fn-On按钮对鸬鹚身体对焦;拍摄:多张连续拍摄。
作者声明:作者原创短文,全部照片由作者拍摄于美国佛罗里达海滩(Florida Beach, USA)。欢迎收藏,转发和留言评论,但是谢绝“洗稿”或抄袭盗用到其它公众号上。
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