SPT | 文献前沿 | 光催化辅助太阳能驱动界面水蒸发：原理、进展和趋势

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Fig.1.Schematic diagram of the Photocatalysis-assisted solar-driven interfacial water evaporation

Fig. 2.Photothermal conversion mechanisms. (a-c) non-radiative relaxation mechanism for semiconductors; Reproduced with permission from [10] [11] [12] Copyright 2020 Free Access, 2024 Elsevier, 2024 Elsevier (d-f) Thermal vibration of molecules for carbon-based; Reproduced with permission from [15] [11] [12] Copyright 2024 ACS, 2024 Elsevier, 2024 Elsevier (g-i) Localized surface plasmon resonance; Reproduced with permission from [18] [11] [19] Copyright 2024 Elsevier, 2024 Elsevier, 2024 Elsevier.

Fig. 3.(a-c) Photocatalysis mechanism; (a) Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes; Reproduced with permission from [24] Copyright 2024 Elsevier; (b) Photocatalytic degradation of heavy metal irons; Reproduced with permission from [25] Copyright 2024 Elsevier; (c) Photocatalytic disinfection mechanism; Reproduced with permission from [26] Copyright 2023 Elsevier (d-g) Photothermal-photocatalytic synergistic mechanism; (d) The synergistic action of photothermal and catalytic degradation for simultaneous water evaporation and phenol degradation; Reproduced with permission from [35] Copyright 2024 Elsevier (e) Photocatalytic-photothermal synergistic water remediation; Reproduced with permission from [36] Copyright 2024 Elsevier (f) Mechanism diagram of photothermal-assisted photocatalysis over Co₃O₄@ZnIn₂S₄S-scheme heterojunction; Reproduced with permission from [37]Copyright 2023 Elsevier (g) Mechanism diagram of photothermal-assisted photocatalysis over Co₃O₄/CNNVs S-scheme heterojunction nanoreactor; Reproduced with permission from [38] Copyright 2023 Elsevier.

Fig. 4.Schematic classification and application of evaporators using various photocatalysts.

Fig. 5.(a) SEM image of Au@TiO₂ core-shell NPs. (b) Photo of the core-shell Au@TiO₂ NPs thin film. Reproduced with permission from [43] Copyright 2017 Elsevier. (c) The synthesis process of WO₃/ZnIn₂S₄. Reproduced with permission from [45] Copyright 2024 Elsevier. (d) SEM of MoSe₂nanoparticles. Reproduced with permission from [49] Copyright 2024 Elsevier. (e) SEM image of Co-MOF nanorod. (f) Photographs of (a1) the large-sized flexible Co-MOF/CNT membrane, and (a2) the folder or (a3) curled membrane, (a4) Photography of a crane weaved by Co-MOF/CNT membrane. Reproduced with permission from [56] Copyright 2022 Elsevier. (g) Synthesis of DBD-BTTH and DBD-BTT. (h) Schematic representation of preparation procedures of BHMS. Reproduced with permission from [61] Copyright 2021 ACS. (i) Digital photograph of rGCPP, SEM images of the PU sponge. (j) Schematic diagram of the preparation process of rGCPP. Reproduced with permission from [70] Copyright 2023 Elsevier. (k) Stripping and etching process of MXene nanosheets. (l) SEM image of stratified Ti₃C₂T_x (MXene). Reproduced with permission from [78] Copyright 2023 Elsevier.

Fig. 6(a) Schematic of the structure and corresponding SSG mechanism of Janus hydrogel (JH). (The THL means the top layer and the BHL is the bottom layer). (b) The photograph of JH. (c) The evaporation rate and energy efficiency of hydrogels. (d) Comparison of solution colors before and after purification in trypan blue and Congo red and degradation rates. (e) Schematic diagram of synergistic photocatalytic degradation mechanism of PDA and TiO₂. Reproduced with permission from [87] Copyright 2023 Elsevier. (f) Photograph for the self-floating NC@CNF/PP Janus membrane. (g) Schematic illustration showing the photodegradation mechanism of MO using a self-floating NC@CNF/PP Janus membrane. (h) TOC removal efficiency of the developed self-floating NC@CNF/PP Janus membrane during photodegradation of MO. Reproduced with permission from [88] Copyright 2023 Elsevier

Fig. 7.(a) The synthesis process of c-GPP aerogel. (b) Light harvesting efficiency of rGO, GP, c-GPP, i-GPP, respectively. (c) Light-to-heat conversion efficiency of c-GPP in different aqueous environments under one sun. (d) Removal efficiency of c-GPP for organic pollutants by photocatalysis and photothermal evaporation. Reproduced with permission from [97] Copyright 2024 Elsevier. (e) Pore size distribution for GR/PPy aerogels obtained via the non-localized density functional theory (NLDFT) model. (f) Water evaporation amount of different evaporators under 1.0 sun irradiation. (g) UV–vis curves at different reaction time of RhB. Reproduced with permission from [98] Copyright 2022 Elsevier

Fig. 8.(a) The diagram for simultaneous solar photothermal evaporation and photocatalysis based on the hydrogel solar evaporator. (b) Mass change of water in 60 min. (c) The photocatalytic degradation of MB by Gel-CM-20 hydrogel (residue MB solution before and after the photocatalysis, inset in c). Reproduced with permission from [102] Copyright 2024 Elsevier. (d) Schematic illustration of the swelling process of MAP hydrogel membrane. (e) Projected view and side view of the charge-density difference map of porphyrin@MXene system. Yellow and blue regions denote the isosurfaces of electron accumulation and depletion. Reproduced with permission from [103] Copyright 2022 Elsevier. (f) The selective permeable evaporation process via the Hy-P-CW. (g) Corresponding hydrogen 36evolution rates of P-W, Hy-P-W, P-CW, and Hy-P-CW. (h) Scheme of the energy band structures and charge carrier transport pathway in the CdS/MoSe₂heterojunction. Reproduced with permission from [104] Copyright 2023 Elsevier

Fig. 9.(a) Preparation flow chart of the 3D Cu foam with the core-shell CuO/ PDA@TA-Fe³⁺nanowires arrays. (b) Water evaporation rate and evaporation efficiency of different systems under simulated sunlight. (c) Cycling performance of 3-CPTF under solar illumination of 1.0 sun. (d) Schematic illustration of 3-CPTF with the self-desalting performance. Reproduced with permission 39 from [108] Copyright 2024 Elsevier. (e) Illustration of the fabrication process of TNA@Ti, Black TNA@Ti and CDs/Black TNA@Ti. (f) Photocatalytic performance of photofading, TNA@Ti, Black TNA-300@Ti and CDs-20/Black TNA-300@Ti for degradation of rhodamine B. (g) Fluorescence spectral changes of terephthalic acid solution observed during illumination of TNA@Ti, Black TNA- 300@Ti and CDs-20/Black TNA-300@Ti. (h) TEM image of CDs-20/Black TNA-300@Ti after 20 times cycling experiment. Reproduced with permission from [109] Copyright 2019 Elsevier

Fig. 10.(a)Schematic illustration of 3D porous structure of natural pinecone consisting of rachis and scales, and the preparation of HPM device for solar-thermal evaporation of water and photocatalytic degradation of pollutants. (b) Schematic illustrating the solar-thermal and photocatalytic mechanisms of the HPM under solar light irradiation. Absorption spectra of (c) methyl orange solution and (d) methylene blue solution before and after the solar steam generation treatment with the HPM device under 1-sun irradiation. The insets are digital pictures of the solutions before and after the purification. Reproduced with permission from [111] Copyright 2023 Elsevier (e) Evaporation performance of hydrogels for various pollutants (f) First-line principle simulation of the binding of water molecules and phenol in hydrogels, respectively (g) First-line principle simulation of banding energies of water molecules and phenol for different hydrogels Reproduced with permission from [112] Copyright 2024 Elsevier.

Fig. 11.(a) Degradation rate of Cr (Ⅵ) from [25] Copyright 2024 Elsevier (b) The corresponding degradation efficiency and reaction kinetic constant by different evaporators. Reproduced with permission from [114] Copyright 2024 Elsevier (c) Scheme of synergistic photocatalytic-photothermal effect on MXene membrane for the recovery of Ag⁺ ions and removal of RhB. Reproduced with permission from [115] Copyright 2023 Elsevier (d) Evaporation rates and conversion efficiency of PVA, PCH-1, and PCH-5 (e) Representative colonies of Gram-positiveS. aureusbefore and after treatment with solar illumination. (f) Inhibition rates of PVA and PCH-1 for Gram-positiveS. aureus. Reproduced with permission from [118] Copyright 2022 ACS (g) mass change of water for simulated seawater, GM, GMW-1, GMW-2, GMW-3, GMW-4, and GMW-5 over time under one sun illumination (1 kW m−2). (h) Possible antibacterial mechanisms under one sun exposure (i) Bacterial growth ofE. coliin the stock solution before evaporation, distilled water without/with the GMW-3 composite after evaporation for 24 h. Reproduced with permission from [119] Copyright 2023 ACS

Fig. 12.(a) Photographs showing the top and side views of a SVG-PC sheet held by tweezers (photoactive area of 1 × 1 cm²). (b) Optimization of PC loading for H₂ evolution (The units mmol gcat⁻¹h⁻¹represent mmol per gram catalyst per hour.) Data in red corresponds to both H₂and STH. (c) Solar vapour generation rate and solar thermal conversion efficiency for the SVG substrate and SVG-PC sheets. Photocatalytic and solar vapour generation measurements were performed using pure water under AM1.5G illumination for 22 and 4 h, respectively. (d) Long-term H₂evolution from pure water (top) and seawater (bottom) using Glass-PC, untreated SVG-PC and SVG-PC sheets. Photocatalytic measurements were performed under AM1.5G irradiation for 22 h each cycle. The reactor was purged with N₂/CH₄for 15 min before each cycle. Reproduced with permission from [34] Copyright Free Access (e) Schematic illustration of hierarchical Ti₃C₂/BiVO₄microcapsules for enhanced solar-driven water evaporation and photocatalytic H2 evolution activity. (f) Hydrogen evolution by the Ti₃C₂(0 µmol), BiVO₄ (1.50 ± 0.08 µmol), and Ti₃C₂/ BiVO₄ (9.37 ± 0.11 µmol) microcapsules in triethanolamine solution under full-spectrum irradiation. (g) Time dependent IR images of the four developed systems (NRL, NRL-BiVO4, NRL- Ti₃C₂, and NRL- Ti₃C₂/BiVO₄) under 1-sun illumination. (h) Analysis using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was conducted on a concentration gradient of primary salt ions present in simulated seawater (20 wt%) and condensed water. Reproduced with permission from [122] Copyright 2024 Elsevier

Fig. 13.(a) Electronic band structure of three COFs. (b) Photosynthesis of H₂O₂on three COFs under different reaction conditions. (c) Mechanism for photocatalytic H₂O₂ production of Bpy-TAPT. Reproduced with permission from [125] Copyright 2023 Elsevier (d) Schematic diagram of the synthesis process of Co-CN@G (e) Time-dependent H₂O₂photosynthetic performance of Co-CN@G (f) Photosynthetic properties of H₂O₂after 10 h in a simulated seawater system in the absence of (W/O) different metal cations (g) ·O₂^-, ·OH EPR signals of Co-CN@G in the presence of DMPO at different 51light intensities (h) Mechanism of H₂O₂synthesis by photothermal-photocatalytic system. Reproduced with permission from [126] Copyright 2023 Elsevier.

Fig. 14.(a) Percent ammonia conversion XNH3 and selectivity SY (Y = NO₂⁻, NO₃⁻and N₂) toward ammonia photocatalytic oxidation products after 6 h irradiation in the presence of 0.1 g L⁻¹ of different TiO₂ photocatalysts, with air bubbling at 150 mL min⁻¹. In all runs, [N]i≌100 ppm, pH 10.5 (b) Examples of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate ion concentrations. Irradiation time; 0.1 g L⁻¹ P25, TiO₂, [N]i≌100 ppm, pH 10.5, air bubbling at 150 mL min⁻¹. Reproduced with permission from [129] Copyright 2012 Elsevier (c) SEM of perlite nanosheets (d) Effect of light intensity on ammonia degradation by TiO₂/perlite Reproduced with permission from [130] Copyright 2014 Elsevier (e) NH₃ conversion and N₂ selectivity over α-MnO₂, g-C₃N_4, Ag₃PO₄, P25, TiO₂-001 with irradiation of simulated solar-light (f) NH₃conversion and N₂ selectivity over cryptomelane with wavelength (g) Mechanisms of photothermal catalytic and thermalcatalytic oxidation processes of NH₃ over cryptomelane Reproduced with permission from [131] Copyright 2023 Elsevier