2024年10月26日Bulgarianmilitar报道：波斯用 100 公里射程的防空导弹，反击以色列的攻击
Iran counters Israel attacks with 100km-range air defense missiles
一、以色列的战略
2024年10 月 26 日凌晨，在以色列军队对德黑兰实施了三波导弹袭击。以色列的战略，依赖于从波斯领空之外的位置发射的远程空射导弹，从而最大限度地降低了对其战机的风险。在 2018 年以色列 F-16I 被叙利亚 S-200 导弹击落之后，以色列就经常采用这种防区外攻击的战略。
Israel’s strategy relied on long-range air-launched missiles, fired from positions well outside Iranian airspace, minimizing the risk to its aircraft.Israel’s strategy mirrors past operations against Syrian targets, particularly following the downing of an Israeli F-16I by a Syrian S-200 missile in 2018.
据阿拉伯天空新闻 Axios 称，以色列在袭击前通过中间人直接与波斯沟通，敦促其对袭击保持克制（兵器迷注：波斯官方对此予以否认），并警告说如果（波斯反击）造成（以色列）平民伤亡，将采取更严厉的报复。10 月 25 日，荷兰外交大臣卡斯帕·维尔德坎普 Kaspar Veldkamp在与波斯外长的对话中也呼吁缓和局势。第二天，以色列国防军宣布成功完成他们的空中行动，该行动以防空系统和导弹生产设施为目标，同时有意避开核和石油基础设施，只专注于军事目标。
According to Axios, Israel directly communicated with Iran through intermediaries before the strikes, urging restraint and warning of a stronger retaliation if civilian casualties occurred. On October 25, Dutch Foreign Minister Kaspar Veldkamp also called for de-escalation during a conversation with his Iranian counterpart. The following day, the Israeli Defense Forces declared the successful completion of their air operation, which targeted air defense systems and missile production facilities while intentionally avoiding nuclear and oil infrastructure to focus solely on military objectives.
鹰酱的情报还表明，以色列可能正在考虑使用远程空射弹道导弹，来打击波斯的阵地。
Leaked U.S. intelligence also suggests that Israel may be contemplating the use of long-range air-launched ballistic missiles against Iranian positions.
二、波斯的应对
波斯防空部队在以色列军队对德黑兰实施一系列导弹袭击中，成功拦截了以色列发射的若干导弹。初步报告表明——波斯军队有效地消除了所有即将到来的威胁。
In a dramatic escalation of tensions, Iranian air defense units successfully intercepted several missiles launched by Israel during the early hours of October 26. This response came shortly after Israeli forces executed a series of missile strikes targeting the Iranian capital, Tehran. While the scale of the assault was relatively small, preliminary reports indicate that Iranian forces effectively neutralized all incoming threats.
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阿拉伯天空新闻台采访的消息人士称，在以色列行动开始前几个小时，大毛官员提醒波斯即将发动袭击，并分享了有关潜在目标和以色列行动的情报。这项合作突显了大毛对维护地区稳定和帮助波斯准备防御的承诺。尽管德黑兰、胡齐斯坦和伊拉姆省的军事设施遭到破坏，导致2名波斯士兵不幸丧生，但波斯当局报告说，他们的防空系统拦截了许多攻击导弹。
Hours prior to the Israeli operation, Russian officials alerted Iran to the impending strikes, sharing intelligence about potential targets and Israeli maneuvers, according to sources who spoke with Sky News Arabia. This collaboration underscores Russia’s commitment to maintaining regional stability and aiding Iran in preparing its defenses. Despite sustaining damage to military installations in Tehran, Khuzestan, and Ilam provinces—resulting in the tragic loss of two Iranian soldiers—Iranian authorities reported that their air defenses intercepted many of the attacking missiles.
波斯谴责以色列的袭击违反了国际法，并维护了其根据《联合国宪章》第 51 条享有的自卫权。波斯是否会报复仍不确定;天空新闻阿拉伯的消息来源表明，波斯通过中间人发出信号，决定不立即报复。而来自塔斯尼姆的报道表明，德黑兰已准备好做出回应，并警告以色列将面临相称的反制。
Iran condemned the Israeli strikes as a breach of international law, asserting its right to self-defense under Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. Whether Iran will retaliate remains uncertain; sources from Sky News Arabia indicate that Iran signaled, through intermediaries, a decision to refrain from immediate retaliation, while reports from Tasnim suggest that Tehran is ready to respond and cautioned that Israel would face a proportional counteraction.
波斯军队部署了中程地对空导弹 SAM来对抗以色列的导弹。波斯利用了能够拦截超过 100 公里距离的导弹的远程防御系统——这是一项重要的进步。
In response to the initial wave of attacks, Iranian forces deployed medium-range surface-to-air missiles [SAMs] to counter the Israeli missiles. For subsequent strikes, Iran utilized long-range defense systems capable of intercepting missiles from distances exceeding 100 kilometers—an important advancement.
三、波斯引进的防空系统
波斯的防空武器库中有升级的大毛制造的 S-300PMU-2 系统，该系统以其先进的拦截能力而闻名。标准的 48N6E2 导弹射程为 200 公里，并与更先进的 48N6DM 导弹兼容，后者的拦截范围可达 250 公里，旨在应对高超音速威胁。
Among Iran’s air defense arsenal are upgraded Russian-made S-300PMU-2 systems, known for their advanced interception capabilities. While the standard 48N6E2 missiles have a range of 200 kilometers, these systems are reportedly compatible with the more advanced 48N6DM missiles, which boast interception ranges of up to 250 kilometers and are designed to counter hypersonic threats.
波斯于 2020 年购买了这些升级后的 S-300 导弹，据推测包括 48N6DM改型——兔子对其测试的结果表明， 48N6DM导弹可以在250 公里范围内针对飞行速度超过 8 马赫的目标进行拦截。
Iran acquired these upgraded S-300 missiles in 2020, speculated to include the 48N6DM variant, which has successfully been tested by China against targets traveling faster than Mach 8 at a range of 250 kilometers—outperforming Israel’s air-launched missile technology.
In addition to the S-300 systems, Iran has a diverse array of long-range air defense capabilities. Its Soviet-era S-200D system, dating back to the 1990s, remains one of the longest-ranged options, capable of engaging targets at distances up to 300 kilometers. Although modernized for enhanced mobility, the S-200 is primarily designed to defend against larger threats like ballistic missiles rather than smaller aerial targets.
四、波斯国产化防空系统
据报道，波斯最先进的国产防空系统 Bavar-373 在集成新型 Sayyad-4B 导弹后，在2023年 4 月达到了令人印象深刻的 300 公里射程。该系统可能在最近的拦截中发挥了关键作用。
Iran’s most advanced domestically developed air defense system, the Bavar-373, reportedly reached an impressive range of 300 kilometers as of April, following the integration of the new Sayyad-4B missile. This system may have played a critical role in recent interceptions.
另一个国产系统 Khordad 15 为 Bavar-373 提供了更轻的替代品，交战距离超过 100 公里，但有关其部署的细节仍然有限。
Another homegrown system, the Khordad 15, offers a lighter alternative to the Bavar-373, with an engagement range exceeding 100 kilometers, although details about its deployment remain limited.
上图：波斯国防部官方网站在 2019 年 6 月 9 日发布的这张照片，显示了位于波斯一个未公开地点的新型地对空导弹 Khordad 15——类似于HAWK 导弹。
This photo released by the official website of the Iranian Defense Ministry on Sunday, June 9, 2019, shows the Khordad 15, a new surface-to-air missile battery at an undisclosed location in Iran. The system uses locally made missiles that resemble the HAWK missiles that the US once sold to the shah and later delivered to the Islamic Republic in the 1980s Iran-Contra scandal. (Iranian Defense Ministry via AP)
上图：2019 年 6 月 21 日，德黑兰革命卫队航空航天师负责人阿米尔·阿里·哈吉扎德准将，正在查看该师击落的鹰酱无人机的碎片。Head of the Revolutionary Guard’s aerospace division Brig. Gen. Amir Ali Hajizadeh looks at debris from what the division describes as the US drone which was shot down by Iran, seen here in Tehran, Iran, June 21, 2019. (Meghdad Madadi/Tasnim News Agency/via AP)
最后，波斯对陆基防空系统的依赖，在很大程度上归于其现代战斗机数量的不足。然而这种多层防御网络，仍然对以色列及其盟友构成了重大挑战，从而加强了波斯广泛的导弹威慑战略。这些地面防御系统与尖端电子战和雷达系统巧妙结合，进一步加强了波斯在该地区的防御态势。
Iran’s reliance on ground-based air defenses is largely attributed to its constrained inventory of modern fighter aircraft. This multi-layered defense network poses a significant challenge to Israel and its allies, reinforcing Iran’s extensive missile deterrent strategy. The sophisticated integration of these ground defenses with cutting-edge electronic warfare and radar systems further bolsters Iran’s defensive posture in the region.
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