10月19日，笔者在北京参加了上海国际问题研究院与绿色和平联合举办的中欧绿色合作专题研讨会。会上，笔者针对中欧在电动汽车发展、关键原材料战略等议题的合作分享了自己的研究和看法。
中国日报China Daily对本次研讨进行了报道，题目是《More Sino-EU green collaboration urged-Significant complementarity in clean energy cooperation seen on both sides》，报道引用了笔者在会上的部分观点。由于全文是英文报道，为方便大家理解，笔者用中文复盘和提炼了自己的核心观点：
“欧盟提出了非常具有雄心的气候和可再生能源发展目标，这需要强大的可再生能源产能和消费市场来配合目标的推进。目前看来，发展电动汽车产业是欧盟实现这一目标的重要途径，而发展电动汽车产业，则是会对产业竞争力、道路交通脱碳以及能源安全都会产生深刻的影响。
俄乌冲突以后，欧洲明显将对产业和能源的关注点放在了供应链安全和定（控）价权掌控一事上，并将对关键原材料产业链的保障和控制作为最优先事项进行推进目标。我认为，欧盟仍对与中国的能源合作感兴趣，但前提是希望中国的快速发展对欧洲能源行业的定价和供应安全的风险降到最低。
因此，中欧要考虑的是，在接下来的合作或者磋商进程中，如何实现更多的利益共享。如果中国企业在向全球出口的同时，能够让欧洲公司甚至欧盟共享这些利益，那么从欧盟的角度来看，未来在制定与中国产业相关的政策中，会更加考虑欧盟的实际利益与中国产业发展之间的关系。”
其实，针对关键原材料供应链，笔者最近一直深思几个问题。
要定（控）价权还是要经济性更高的低价供应？
欧盟实际认为的关键原材料供应“中国风险”到底是什么？如果将对华电动汽车关税的征收原因归结为中国的电动汽车大量出口会冲击欧盟的本土市场，那么对关键原材料而言，似乎这个理由并不完全成立。笔者理解俄乌让欧盟对供应链安全“应激”，但是关键原材料的供应和天然气，不管是来源、需求还是供应形式，都太不一样了。所以，到底是什么原因，让欧盟对中国的关键原材料产业如此警惕和防备？
笔者还给不出完全的答案。但在读欧盟与日本的关键原材料合作材料时，或许从欧委会支持日本金属和能源安全组织 （JOGMEC）中找到了一丝端倪。本文不多写，挖个坑，后续写。
以下为报道原文，原文链接放在文末：
More Sino-EU green collaboration urged
Significant complementarity in clean energy cooperation seen on both sides
Further efforts are needed to heighten collaboration between China and European nations in key areas of energy transition including decarbonization of power generation, renewable energies, sustainable recycling and the use of essential mineral resources to support global green development, said a recent report.
Jointly released by the Shanghai Institutes for International Studies (SIIS), and the Beijing office of Greenpeace, a global environmental protection organization, the report also underscored the rapid pace of global energy transition and technological advancements, with a particular emphasis on the growing significance of the clean energy sector as a focal point for cooperation between China and the European Union.
A key point emphasized in the report is the significant complementarity in clean energy cooperation between China and the EU, especially in sectors of technological innovation and industry standard development. The collaboration is not only motivated by policy incentives but also by shared interests in energy security and the promotion of renewable technologies.
"China and Europe exhibit substantial complementarity for cooperation in the realm of clean energy. This synergy is not only reflected in high-level coordination mechanisms but also tangible outcomes of their collaborative projects. Going forward, their increased support for decarbonization in the power sector and the advancement of green supply chains will be pivotal in driving the achievement of global climate objectives," said Yu Hongyuan, director of public policy and innovation studies at the SIIS.
The report pointed out that despite the progress in global climate negotiations, challenges persist in energy transition. While investments in clean energy have surged, there remains a risk of insufficient progress toward meeting the targets outlined in the Paris Agreement, which aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 ℃.
Moreover, China and the EU confront distinct challenges in their energy transitions, with China aiming to reduce its use of fossil fuels — predominantly coal — while ensuring energy security. Meanwhile, disagreements between EU member states regarding energy policies impede the overall pace of the EU's transition, compounded by vulnerabilities in energy supply security stemming from external dependencies and geopolitical factors, said the report.
To address these challenges, Yu advocated for the promotion of city-to-city cooperation between China and Europe, highlighting China's robust cost-cutting capabilities in sectors like hydrogen-based green fuels, transportation and decarbonization. Yu said these areas present significant potential for collaboration, alongside sectors with high energy consumption such as steel and promising fields like offshore wind power generation.
Zheng Ying, a researcher at the China Society of Automotive Engineers, points out the ambitious targets set by the EU's Renewable Energy Directive, aiming for a renewable energy consumption rate exceeding 42.5 percent and potentially reaching 45 percent by 2030.
In 2022, the share of renewables in EU energy consumption was 23 percent, said the European Commission, the EU's executive arm.
"This necessitates a strong consumption capacity of renewables to support the development goal. Advancing the electric vehicle industry is an important way to achieve the goal and the EU is currently promoting EVs, which requires further adjustments for electricity market regulations. Given the EU's current focus on energy supply and pricing security due to the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the EU still has an interest in energy cooperation with China but it wants to ensure minimal disruption to Europe's pricing and supply systems in the energy industry," said Zheng.
"Take EV cooperation as an example. EVs' energy storage parts have significant impacts on the overall energy pricing in Europe."
Zheng added: "Further China-Europe collaboration requires more shared benefits. If Chinese enterprises, while exporting globally, can allow European companies or even the EU to share in these benefits, then from the EU's perspective, there would be greater consideration of aligning its development goals with its industrial support objectives."
原文链接：https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202410/22/WS6716fc49a310f1265a1c8d3a.html
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