全球致病致残的主要原因,结果出人意料!

教育   2024-10-21 12:08   广东  

抑郁症是世界范围内导致残疾的主要原因,在美国,近 10% 的成年人与抑郁症作斗争。然而,由于它是一种精神疾病,理解起来比高胆固醇等问题要困难得多。


感觉抑郁和患有临床抑郁症有着很大区别。几乎每个人都会时不时地感到情绪低落,可能是因为成绩不好、失业、争吵或者仅仅是雨天等原因,但情况改变后,这些悲伤的感觉就会消失。而临床抑郁症是一种医学病症,不会因为主观意愿而消失,它会持续至少两周,并严重干扰一个人的工作、娱乐或爱的能力,有多种症状,如情绪低落、对通常喜欢的事物失去兴趣、食欲改变、感到无价值或过度内疚、睡眠过多或过少、注意力不集中、不安或迟钝、缺乏能量或反复出现自杀念头等,符合一定数量的症状就可诊断为抑郁症。


抑郁症在大脑中有物理表现,包括肉眼和 X 光可见的额叶和海马体体积变小,在微观层面与神经递质异常、昼夜节律改变、睡眠周期变化和激素异常有关,但科学家仍不完全清楚其病因,似乎与基因和环境的复杂相互作用有关。


抑郁症患者平均需要十年以上才会寻求帮助,但有很多有效的治疗方法,如药物和疗法结合可以提升大脑中的化学物质,在极端情况下,电休克疗法也很有帮助,还有经颅磁刺激等有前景的治疗方法正在研究中。如果认识抑郁症患者,应鼓励他们寻求帮助,可以帮忙查找治疗师或列出问题清单等。同时,不要将抑郁症与普通的情绪低落比较,公开谈论抑郁症有助于消除污名化,让患者更易求助,也能促进科学家对抑郁症的研究以改进治疗方法。

What is depression?

Depression is the leading cause of disability in the world. In the United States, close to 10% of adults struggle with depression. But because it's a mental illness, it can be a lot harder to understand than, say, high cholesterol.
One major source of confusion is the difference between having depression and just feeling depressed. Almost everyone feels down from time to time. Getting a bad grade, losing a job, having an argument, even a rainy day can bring on feelings of sadness. Sometimes there's no trigger at all. It just pops up out of the blue. Then circumstances change, and those sad feelings disappear.
Clinical depression is different. It's a medical disorder, and it won't go away just because you want it to. It lingers for at least two consecutive weeks, and significantly interferes with one's ability to work, play, or love. Depression can have a lot of different symptoms: a low mood, loss of interest in things you'd normally enjoy, changes in appetite, feeling worthless or excessively guilty, sleeping either too much or too little, poor concentration, restlessness or slowness, loss of energy, or recurrent thoughts of suicide. If you have at least five of those symptoms, according to psychiatric guidelines, you qualify for a diagnosis of depression.
And it's not just behavioral symptoms. Depression has physical manifestations inside the brain. First of all, there are changes that could be seen with the naked eye and X-ray vision. These include smaller frontal lobes and hippocampal volumes. On a more microscale, depression is associated with a few things: the abnormal transmission or depletion of certain neurotransmitters, especially serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, blunted circadian rhythms, or specific changes in the REM and slow-wave parts of your sleep cycle, and hormone abnormalities, such as high cortisol and deregulation of thyroid hormones.
But neuroscientists still don't have a complete picture of what causes depression. It seems to have to do with a complex interaction between genes and environment, but we don't have a diagnostic tool that can accurately predict where or when it will show up. And because depression symptoms are intangible, it's hard to know who might look fine but is actually struggling.
According to the National Institute of Mental Health, it takes the average person suffering with a mental illness over ten years to ask for help. But there are very effective treatments. Medications and therapy complement each other to boost brain chemicals. In extreme cases, electroconvulsive therapy, which is like a controlled seizure in the patient's brain, is also very helpful. Other promising treatments, like transcranial magnetic stimulation, are being investigated, too.
So, if you know someone struggling with depression, encourage them, gently, to seek out some of these options. You might even offer to help with specific tasks, like looking up therapists in the area, or making a list of questions to ask a doctor. To someone with depression, these first steps can seem insurmountable. If they feel guilty or ashamed, point out that depression is a medical condition, just like asthma or diabetes. It's not a weakness or a personality trait, and they shouldn't expect themselves to just get over it anymore than they could will themselves to get over a broken arm.
If you haven't experienced depression yourself, avoid comparing it to times you've felt down. Comparing what they're experiencing to normal, temporary feelings of sadness can make them feel guilty for struggling. Even just talking about depression openly can help. For example, research shows that asking someone about suicidal thoughts actually reduces their suicide risk. Open conversations about mental illness help erode stigma and make it easier for people to ask for help. And the more patients seek treatment, the more scientists will learn about depression, and the better the treatments will get.


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