【双语阅读】方励:如何进入一艘沉船的内部(下)

文摘   2024-09-30 17:04   北京  

Eight years in the making

Perhaps viewers might feel a pang of regret that they did not see the entirety of the Lisbon Maru on the big screen, as the film captured only glimpses of its somewhat blurry hull. These few shots were taken through a collaboration between Fang and the National Cultural Heritage Administration. Due to poor visibility in the waters off Zhoushan and jurisdictional issues, filming was prohibited outright — not even the National Cultural Heritage Administration could gain access.

也许观众会感到遗憾,在银幕上没看到里斯本丸的全貌,只拍到了有点模糊的船体。这几个镜头,是方励和国家文物局合作拍摄的。舟山水域能见度很差,此外还有管辖权的问题,根本不允许进去拍摄,国家文物局都不能进去。“还有件更可怕的事,几十年下来,里斯本丸船身挂满渔网,人都不敢靠近。光渔网就拉了十几天,拉了好几吨上来。各种覆盖物,什么都看不见。”目前只有水下摄影师吴立新摸过里斯本丸,他是国家文物局水下考古队的志愿者。由于水很急,吴立新冒了很大风险。


“There’s something even more daunting — over the decades, the Lisbon Maru’s hull became encrusted with fishing nets, deterring anyone from approaching. It took over 10 days just to haul off several tons of nets,” Fang said. To date, only underwater photographer Wu Lixin has touched the wreck of Lisbon Maru. He volunteers with the National Cultural Heritage Administration’s underwater archaeology team. Wu took significant risks due to the strong underwater currents.

In Canada, Fang interviews William Banfield, a survivor of the Lisbon Maru who was rescued by Chinese fishermen.

Fang remains haunted by the denial of this historical event by the Japanese government in 1943. He believes the ideal resolution would be an apology from the Japanese side to the descendants of the British soldiers. However, Fang faced numerous rejections. “There were two or three Japanese research institutions I wanted to visit, but they refused to meet with me.”

让方励无法释怀的是,这段历史在1943年被日本政府否认。在他看来,最好的方式是日本人给英军的后人道歉,但现实是,虽然有黑泽教授和船长经田茂的子女这样的日本人在片中勇敢出镜,方励更多却是吃闭门羹。“有两三个日本的研究机构想去拜访,但对方表示不接待。”


“Do you ever get depressed? After all, you are studying the deceased,” I asked.

“Not at all,” he said. “The more you know, the stronger your desire to unearth history.”

“不会。你知道的信息越多,挖掘历史的欲望越强。”


In 2017, Fang conducted a survey in Britain about whether to salvage the Lisbon Maru. The Times published an article titled “Japanese POWs condemn bid to raise Lisbon Maru.” Among those featured in the documentary, survivor Dennis Morely believed it’s a war grave and should remain undisturbed.” Major Brian Finch, a retired veteran from the Middlesex Regiment and military advisor on “The Sinking of the Lisbon Maru,” shared the same sentiment. Fang mentioned that only half of the poll respondents supported repatriating the wreck of the ship. “British military tradition differs from the American. Americans seek to bring remains home, while the British tradition is to rest on the battlefield, treating it as a war grave.”

2017年,关于是否要打捞里斯本丸,方励在英国做过一次民调。《泰晤士报》为此刊登了一篇《日本战俘谴责打捞里斯本丸的提议》。在纪录片中出镜的两位幸存者之一,丹尼斯·莫利认为,“那是个战争坟墓,应该保持原样。”身为《里斯本丸沉没》军事顾问的费恩祺少校(Brian Finch,米德尔塞克斯军团退役军人)持相同态度。方励说,民调中赞成骸骨回家的人只占一半。“英国军队的传统和美国人不一样。美国人追求骸骨回家,英军的传统是在哪儿牺牲就在哪儿安息,算是战场坟墓。”


Including Fang as the narrator, the documentary features 128 individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds, with whom Fang communicated seamlessly. “It’s not about your ability, but your empathy. They can see it in your eyes, feel your sympathy, and are moved by your response to their stories. When they choke up recounting a tragic tale and see me tearing up too, that’s resonance. Thus, it’s an exchange of emotions.”

That’s his secret. He doesn’t approach his interviews with a sense of journalistic inquisition, nor does he rely on a script. “There has never been a script. I simply step into other people’s homes, into their lives, then interact. It’s like making friends. When people see your sincerity and understand the meaningfulness of your endeavor, they readily cooperate.”

这就是他的秘诀。不是用一种新闻调查的方式去提问,他甚至没准备台本。“从来没有一条台本。我就是走入别人的家庭,走入别人的生活,然后和人交流。就像交朋友,当别人觉得你是真诚的,然后也知道你做这件事是有意义的,就很容易和你配合。”


The exact moment the Lisbon Maru was struck by a torpedo was at 7 a.m. on Oct. 1, 1942. It did not fully go under until 9 a.m. the following morning after a severe tilt. This is precisely what pains Fang. The ship didn’t sink for 26 hours after being hit. If there had been a humanitarian intervention, the chances of the POWs’ survival would have been significant. Instead, the Japanese sealed all the holds with canvas and wood. The Japanese “had the capability to transport them to the nearest island. It’s only two nautical miles away. An overnight effort of back and forth could have done it, perhaps in fewer than 10 trips,” he said, visibly moved as if not standing before a storyboard but in front of the historical scene itself.

里斯本丸被鱼雷击中的确切时间,是1942年10月1日早上7点。直到次日早上9点,它才在一阵剧烈的倾斜之后完全沉没。这正是让方励心痛的地方:船被击中后26个小时不沉,如果有人道救援,战俘生还的希望很大,而日军的做法是,将所有舱口用帆布和木条封死。“你们完全有能力把他们运到岛上去。离岛只有2海里,搞一个通宵,往返十次就运完了,也许用不了十次。”他有点激动,仿佛身后不是故事板,而是置身于历史现场。


According to Japanese military records, there were 1,816 British POWs on board. But historian Tony Banham originally thought there were 1,834. It was only before the completion of the film last year that Fang confirmed the Japanese data was accurate. “The reality is, some POWs were feverish when boarding due to a diphtheria outbreak. A quarantine was conducted before they embarked from Sham Shui Po in Hong Kong, and those with fevers (18 of them) were excluded.”

据日本军方统计,船上的英军战俘共有1816人,历史学家托尼·班纳姆(Tony Banham)最初认为是1834人。去年成片前,方励才正式确认,日本的数据是准确的。“真实情况是,战俘在登船时,有人在发烧,其时白喉马上要暴发。由于担心传染病蔓延,从深水埗上船前,做过一次检疫,所有发烧的人都会剔除。”有出入的18人就在“剔除”之列。


The exact number of Chinese fishermen who participated in the rescue also posed challenges for Fang and his team. After taking over the project, Fang could only verify 198 fishermen from a list, a historical record compiled by then the local government in 1947. Ultimately, he used the figure of 255, including women and children who did not go to sea to rescue. It should include “those elderly women and children, who delivered food and clothing — the rescue operation took place not just at sea but also onshore,” Fang explained. Among the unreported were fishermen like Lin Agen, who appears in the documentary and was only 15 at the time of the rescue. After reaching his conclusions, Fang informed the Zhejiang Archives about the findings in November 2023.

关于参与营救战俘的中国渔民究竟有多少人,方励和团队也颇费周折。渔民数字在方励接手后,能查到的只有198人,这个名单来自1947年国民政府管辖下的定海县政府。方励最后之所以用了255这个数字,是把没有下海的妇孺也算在内。“这些大娘和孩子,送饭的,送衣服的——所谓救援,不只有海上救人,岸上也是救援。”他说。这些漏报的人中,就包括在纪录片中出现的渔民林阿根。参与救援那年,他只有15岁。有了结论后,方励于2023年11月特地通报给浙江档案馆。


Before contacting survivors of the Lisbon Maru and their descendants, two individuals greatly assisted Fang — historian Tony Banham and retired British Major Brian Finch. Banham had published “The Sinking of the Lisbon Maru: Britain’s Forgotten Wartime Tragedy” in 2006 and served as a historical consultant for the documentary. When Fang set out to shoot a film of the same name, Banham provided all his contacts. “The film and book sharing a title was intentional. It’s like a relay; we both want to delve into this history. He ran the first leg, and I ran the second,” Fang said.

In October 2019, descendants of the British prisoners of war who were transported on the Lisbon Maru thank fishermen on Dongji Island, who participated in the rescue of the survivors.

‘Do not let the Lisbon Maru sink again’

The search for the Lisbon Maru began in 2016, and the wreckage coordinates were confirmed in October of the same year. After the ship was found, Fang had not initially planned on making a film. “At that time, I just wanted to document the process,” he said.

寻找里斯本丸的勘测工作始于2016年,同年10月确认了沉船残骸的坐标是「30°13'44.42"N 122°45'31.14"E」。船找到了,方励没想到要拍电影,“当时只是想记录这个过程”。


For researchers of this historical incident, the process uncovered a series of harrowing details, including that the ladder to the deck broke in the lower hold where British Royal Artillery POWs were confined. In addition, when the ship was sinking, survivors heard the P0Ws singing “It’s a Long Way to Tipperary”.

The death rate among the Lisbon Maru’s POWs was 46% — 183 members of the Royal Scots Regiment perished, far exceeding the 107 who died in the Battle of Hong Kong. According to Fang, these soldiers were not casualties of war but victims of deliberate cruelty.

对于这段历史的研究者来说,研究的过程,是更多死亡细节不断浮现的过程:关押英国皇家炮兵团战俘的底舱,通往甲板的梯子坏了,船沉的一刻,有幸存者听见战俘在唱《漫漫长路到蒂珀雷里》(It's a Long Way to Tipperary)。里斯本丸战俘的死亡率高达46%,仅以皇家苏格兰军团战俘为例,其死亡人数为183人,远多于香港保卫战中战死的107人。正如方励所说,这些战俘不是在战争中牺牲的,他们被囚禁在底舱,是被虐杀的。这也是为什么有些时刻,会让人觉得《里斯本丸沉没》是部恐怖片。


Why did the Japanese military nailed shut the hold containing the POWs? Fang and Professor Kurosawa, president of the Japanese Military History Society, agreed — it was out of the anger the Japanese Army were shamed into. Fang believed that many of the world’s wars erupt from irrational motives, emotional venting, or uncontrollable revenge. “Otherwise, why would wars start? Think rationally, negotiate — why fight?” he asked.

日本军方为何将战俘钉死在底舱?日本军事史学会会长黑泽教授和方励有个共识——日本陆军恼羞成怒。方励认为,全世界很多战争的爆发都是非理性的,带着情绪的宣泄,或者报复欲无法控制。“不然怎么会爆发战争?理性地去思考,谈判就好了,为什么要打仗?”他反问。


Fang is particularly concerned with how contemporary Japanese view the sinking of the Lisbon Maru, a topic he explored by interviewing the academic authorities on the subject to understand how researchers perceive the historical event and communicate it to a global audience. Kurosawa’s cooperation and insight were reassuring to him.

方励很在意今天的日本人如何看待里斯本丸沉没,这也是他采访这位研究战争的学术权威的目的:从研究者的角度怎样看待这一历史事件,并且告诉全球的观众。黑泽教授的配合与认知让他感到欣慰。


“The Sinking of the Lisbon Maru” faced challenges from its inception to its release amid tumultuous international relations. In August 2023, the film premiered at the British Film Institute in London. Fang candidly admits that he rented the venue himself, but now no British authorities showed interest in the matter. “In 2018 and 2019, we conducted group interviews, and the British media showed great interest and the Times interviewed me three times,” Fang said. And yet now, they did not want to come to the premiere.

“我们在2018年和2019年做群访,英国媒体对我们很关注,《星期天泰晤士报》采访过我三次。现在首映邀请他们都不来。”


Following its release, the English-language media coverage has been noticably sparse, with just a few outlets such as the U.K.’s Independent newspaper featuring it, albeit only within its advertising section. To date, no Western film festival has accepted the documentary.

影片上映后,英文媒体对它的报道十分鲜见,迄今只有英国《独立报》等少数几家:《里斯本丸沉没》是在这份报纸的广告版面出现的,作者来自《中国日报》。目前,还没有西方电影节接受这部电影。


Last week, on a regular weekday afternoon, I found myself as the sole audience member in a cinema in Yanjiao, North China’s Hebei province, sitting among 99 empty seats. Fang remains unperturbed about the film’s financial outlook, candidly expecting a loss, yet prepared for debt repayment.

Box office figures are not Fang’s primary concern. His chief worry is the lack of screening slots at cinemas. The event unfolded on Chinese territory, witnessed by Chinese fishermen. If the Lisbon Maru itself serves as physical evidence, then three nonagenarians interviewed by Fang for the documentary — survivor Dennis Morley from the U.K., survivor William Banfield from Canada, and Lin Agen, as well as a fisherman from Dongji Island who participated in rescuing the POWs — serve as living testimony. With both physical and human evidence available, the clarity of this historical segment is indisputable.

票房仍然不是方励最在意的,他惟一的担心是院线不排片,老百姓想看却看不到。事件发生在中国的土地上,中国渔民是见证人。如果说里斯本丸是物证,那么三位90多岁高龄的亲历者,住在英国的丹尼斯·莫利、住在加拿大的威廉·班尼菲尔德以及营救战俘的东极岛渔民林阿根就是人证。物证和人证俱在,这段历史就清晰了。


The passing of all three elderly interviewees before the film’s release further underscores the urgency and value of Fang’s efforts to preserve these last vestiges of history. “In roadshows, I often stress the difficulty of capturing these final historical records and personal stories. Let’s not let it sink again,” Fang expressed with a sense of resolve.

影片上映前,三位受访老人都相继去世了。这更加证明方励的抢救工作的珍贵与重要。“我在路演中经常讲,好不容易把最后的历史记录、人物故事抢到了,别让它再沉了。”




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