近日，斯坦福大学研究人员利用ChatGPT进行了一项医疗诊断研究引发关注。
🤔️小作业：
1. Based on the passage, which of the following best captures the primary goal of the study?
A) To compare A.I. and human diagnostic skills under real-world conditions.
B) To demonstrate the limitations of traditional medical education.
C) To train doctors to become more proficient with A.I. tools.
D) To validate the effectiveness of A.I. in rare medical case scenarios.
A) Doctors effectively utilized ChatGPT-4's full diagnostic capabilities.
B) Many doctors struggled to fully integrate ChatGPT-4's insights into their decision-making.
C) The study showed that doctors were better at diagnostics without any A.I. assistance.
D) ChatGPT-4's recommendations often conflicted with the doctors' established methods.
无注释原文：
A.I. Chatbots Defeated Doctors at Diagnosing Illness
From: The New York Times
Dr. Adam Rodman, an expert in internal medicine at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, confidently expected that chatbots built to use artificial intelligence would help doctors diagnose illnesses.
He was wrong.
Instead, in a study Dr. Rodman helped design, doctors who were given ChatGPT-4 along with conventional resources did only slightly better than doctors who did not have access to the bot. And, to the researchers' surprise, ChatGPT alone outperformed the doctors.
“I was shocked,” Dr. Rodman said.
The chatbot, from the company OpenAI, scored an average of 90 percent when diagnosing a medical condition from a case report and explaining its reasoning. Doctors randomly assigned to use the chatbot got an average score of 76 percent. Those randomly assigned not to use it had an average score of 74 percent.
The study showed more than just the chatbot's superior performance.
It unveiled doctors' sometimes unwavering belief in a diagnosis they made, even when a chatbot potentially suggests a better one.
And the study illustrated that while doctors are being exposed to the tools of artificial intelligence for their work, few know how to exploit the abilities of chatbots. As a result, they failed to take advantage of A.I. systems' ability to solve complex diagnostic problems and offer explanations for their diagnoses.
A.I. systems should be “doctor extenders,” Dr. Rodman said, offering valuable second opinions on diagnoses.
But it looks as if there is a way to go before that potential is realized.
The experiment involved 50 doctors, a mix of residents and attending physicians recruited through a few large American hospital systems, and was published last month in the journal JAMA Network Open.
The test subjects were given six case histories and were graded on their ability to suggest diagnoses and explain why they favored or ruled them out. Their grades also included getting the final diagnosis right.
The graders were medical experts who saw only the participants' answers, without knowing whether they were from a doctor with ChatGPT, a doctor without it or from ChatGPT by itself.
The case histories used in the study were based on real patients and are part of a set of 105 cases that has been used by researchers since the 1990s. The cases intentionally have never been published so that medical students and others could be tested on them without any foreknowledge. That also meant that ChatGPT could not have been trained on them.
Participants were asked for three possible diagnoses, with supporting evidence for each. They also were asked to provide, for each possible diagnosis, findings that do not support it or that were expected but not present.
The participants also were asked to provide a final diagnosis.
The diagnoses for the cases in the study were not easy to figure out. But neither were they so rare as to be almost unheard-of. Yet the doctors on average did worse than the chatbot.
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注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考
含注释全文：
A.I. Chatbots Defeated Doctors at Diagnosing Illness
From: The New York Times
Dr. Adam Rodman, an expert in internal medicine at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, confidently expected that chatbots built to use artificial intelligence would help doctors diagnose illnesses.
波士顿贝斯以色列女执事医疗中心（Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center）内科专家亚当·罗德曼（Adam Rodman）医生曾坚信，利用人工智能打造的聊天机器人能帮助医生诊断疾病。
internal medicine
internal medicine /ɪnˌtɜː.nəl ˈmed.ɪ.sən/ 表示“内科（学）”，英文解释为“the part of medical science that is involved in the discovery of diseases inside the body and the treatment of them without cutting the body open”
diagnose
diagnose /ˈdaɪəɡˌnəʊz/ 表示“诊断（病症）；查出（问题）”，英文解释为“to recognize and name the exact character of a disease or a problem, by examining it”举个🌰：She was diagnosed with/as having diabetes. 她被查出患有糖尿病。The electrician has diagnosed a fault in the wiring. 电工查出了一处线路故障。
📍可以看出，除了指查出病症，也可以指查出故障或者问题。名词形式：diagnosis /ˌdaɪəɡˈnəʊsɪs/
He was wrong.
但他错了。
Instead, in a study Dr. Rodman helped design, doctors who were given ChatGPT-4 along with conventional resources did only slightly better than doctors who did not have access to the bot. And, to the researchers' surprise, ChatGPT alone outperformed the doctors.
相反，在罗德曼医生参与设计的一项研究中，配合ChatGPT-4与传统资源使用的医生，诊断结果仅比未使用该机器人辅助的医生表现稍好。而让研究人员感到惊讶的是，单独依赖ChatGPT的表现反而超越了医生。
conventional
conventional /kənˈven.ʃən.əl/ 表示“传统的；常规的；普通的”，英文解释为“traditional and ordinary”如：conventional behaviour 传统行为，conventional clothes 传统服装。
outperform
outperform /ˌaʊt.pəˈfɔːm/ 表示“超过，胜过；比…做得好”，英文解释为“to do well in a particular job or activity compared to others of a similar type”举个🌰：The company has consistently outperformed its rivals this season. 这一季，这家公司的表现一直优于竞争对手。
“I was shocked,” Dr. Rodman said.
“我很震惊，”罗德曼医生说道。
The chatbot, from the company OpenAI, scored an average of 90 percent when diagnosing a medical condition from a case report and explaining its reasoning. Doctors randomly assigned to use the chatbot got an average score of 76 percent. Those randomly assigned not to use it had an average score of 74 percent.
这款由OpenAI公司研发的聊天机器人，在根据病例报告进行疾病诊断并解释推理过程的平均得分达到90%。随机分配使用聊天机器人的医生平均得分为76%。随机分配不使用聊天机器人的医生平均得分为74%。
randomly
randomly /ˈræn.dəm.li/ 表示“随机的；任意的”，英文解释为“in a way that is unexpected or does not seem to have any reason or cause”举个🌰：He just randomly shouts stuff. 他只是随意地喊着什么。
The study showed more than just the chatbot's superior performance.
这项研究揭示的不仅仅是聊天机器人优于医生的表现。
It unveiled doctors' sometimes unwavering belief in a diagnosis they made, even when a chatbot potentially suggests a better one.
研究还表明，医生在诊断时常常固守自己的判断，即使聊天机器人可能提供了更为准确的诊断建议。
unveil
unveil /ʌnˈveɪl/ 1）表示“ 为…揭幕；揭开…上的覆盖物；拉开…的帷幔”，英文解释为“to remove a cover or curtain from a painting, statue, etc. so that it can be seen in public for the first time”举个🌰：She unveiled a plaque to mark the official opening of the hospital. 她主持揭幕式，标志着医院正式启用。
2）表示“（首次）展示，介绍，推出；将…公之于众”，英文解释为“to show or introduce a new plan, product, etc. to the public for the first time”举个🌰：They will be unveiling their new models at the Motor Show. 他们将在汽车大展上首次推出自己的新型汽车。
🎬电影《复仇者联盟1》（The Avengers）中的台词提到：We look beyond the Earth to the greater worlds the Tesseract will unveil. 而我们则放眼地球之外 那些将被宇宙魔方开启的更广博的世界。
🎬电影《超人高校》（Sky High）中的台词提到：We can't unveil the Stronghold Three without Will. 我们不能在威尔（Will）不在场时 向大家介绍斯特朗霍德三侠（Stronghold Three）。
📍词根“-veil”表示"面纱"，前缀“un-”表示“不”。联想宫殿：在宫殿的一个房间，你看到一个被面纱覆盖的新产品即将被“揭露”。近义词：reveal（揭示） 同根词：veil（面纱），常用短语：unveil a plan（公布计划）
unwavering
unwavering /ʌnˈweɪ.vər.ɪŋ/ 表示“从不动摇的；从不变弱的”，英文解释为“never changing or becoming weaker”举个🌰：Her belief in the project has been unwavering. 她对这一项目的信心从未动摇。
📍词源和词根：这个词由"un-"和"waver"组成，"un-"是否定前缀，"waver"来自古英语"wæfre"，意为"不稳定的"。派生词：unwaveringly 常用短语：unwavering support 坚定的支持。
And the study illustrated that while doctors are being exposed to the tools of artificial intelligence for their work, few know how to exploit the abilities of chatbots. As a result, they failed to take advantage of A.I. systems' ability to solve complex diagnostic problems and offer explanations for their diagnoses.
研究进一步显示，虽然医生们在工作中接触到了人工智能工具，但很少有人知道如何利用这些工具的优势。因此，他们未能有效利用人工智能系统在复杂诊断上的优势，也错失了人工智能在解释诊断结果方面的帮助。
illustrate
illustrate /ˈɪl.ə.streɪt/ 表示“（尤指用例子）说明，阐明”，英文解释为“to show the meaning or truth of something more clearly, especially by giving examples”举个🌰：The lecturer illustrated his point with a diagram on the blackboard. 讲师在黑板上用图表来说明自己的观点。
exploit
exploit /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/ 1）表示“利用；剥削（…为自己谋利）”，英文解释为“to treat a person or situation as an opportunity to gain an advantage for yourself”举个🌰：He exploited his father's name to get himself a job. 他利用他父亲的名声为自己找到一份工作。
2）表示“开发，运用；利用；发挥”，英文解释为“to use sth well in order to gain as much from it as possible”举个🌰：She fully exploits the humour of her role in the play. 她在剧中把她那个角色的幽默发挥得淋漓尽致。
🎬电影《惊天魔盗团》（Now You See Me）中的台词提到：What I hate is people who exploit other people. 我只是讨厌那些利用别人的人。
作名词，表示“不寻常的行为；英勇的行为；奇遇”，英文解释为“something unusual, brave, or funny that someone has done”举个🌰：She was telling me about her exploits while travelling around Africa. 她跟我讲述了她在非洲各地旅游时的奇遇。
A.I. systems should be “doctor extenders,” Dr. Rodman said, offering valuable second opinions on diagnoses.
罗德曼医生表示，人工智能系统应该成为“医生助手”，提供有价值的额外诊断意见。
But it looks as if there is a way to go before that potential is realized.
但似乎这个目标的实现还有很长的路要走。
The experiment involved 50 doctors, a mix of residents and attending physicians recruited through a few large American hospital systems, and was published last month in the journal JAMA Network Open.
该研究共招募了50位医生参与者，他们来自几家美国大型医院系统，包括住院医师和主治医师。研究结果已在上月的《JAMA Network Open》期刊上发表。
resident
resident /ˈrez.ɪ.dənt/ 表示“居民；住户”，英文解释为“a person who lives or has their home in a place”如：a resident of the UK/Australia 英国/澳大利亚居民，还可以表示“（美国的）高级专科住院实习医生；住院医生”，英文解释为“a doctor who is still training, and who works in a hospital”
attending physician
attending physician 主治医师，是完成所有医学培训并获得认证的医生，具备独立诊治患者的资格和责任。
The test subjects were given six case histories and were graded on their ability to suggest diagnoses and explain why they favored or ruled them out. Their grades also included getting the final diagnosis right.
研究中，每位参与者都需要分析六个病例，并根据他们诊断的准确性以及解释为何支持或排除某些诊断进行评分，最终诊断的正确性也是评分的重要依据。
rule sth/sb out
rule sth/sb out 1）表示“把…排除在外；拒绝考虑”，英文解释为“to decide or say officially that something is impossible or will not happen, or that something or someone is not suitable”举个🌰：The police haven't yet ruled out murder. 警察尚未排除谋杀的可能性。
2）表示“使…成为不可能，使…不可能发生；防止”，英文解释为“to prevent something from happening”举个🌰：This recent wave of terrorism has ruled out any chance of peace talks. 最近的这一波恐怖行动已经使得任何和谈的机会都化为泡影。
The graders were medical experts who saw only the participants' answers, without knowing whether they were from a doctor with ChatGPT, a doctor without it or from ChatGPT by itself.
评分由医学专家完成，他们只看到参与者的答案，而不知道这些答案是来自于使用ChatGPT的医生、没有使用ChatGPT的医生，还是ChatGPT本身。
The case histories used in the study were based on real patients and are part of a set of 105 cases that has been used by researchers since the 1990s. The cases intentionally have never been published so that medical students and others could be tested on them without any foreknowledge. That also meant that ChatGPT could not have been trained on them.
研究中所用的病例均是真实患者病例，源于20世纪90年代以来一直被研究人员使用的105个病例集。为了保证参与者对病例内容毫无预知，这些病例始终未对外公开，这也确保了ChatGPT在训练时未涉及这些内容。
foreknowledge
foreknowledge /fɔːˈnɒl.ɪdʒ/ 表示“预知，事先知道”，英文解释为“knowledge of an event before it happens”
Participants were asked for three possible diagnoses, with supporting evidence for each. They also were asked to provide, for each possible diagnosis, findings that do not support it or that were expected but not present.
参与者需提出三种可能的诊断，并给出每种诊断的依据。对于每种可能的诊断，他们还需要提供不支持该诊断或预期存在但未出现的症状。
The participants also were asked to provide a final diagnosis.
参与者还需给出最终诊断结果。
The diagnoses for the cases in the study were not easy to figure out. But neither were they so rare as to be almost unheard-of. Yet the doctors on average did worse than the chatbot.
这些病例的诊断难度不小，但也并非少见的罕见病。尽管如此，医生的整体表现仍逊色于聊天机器人。
unheard-of
unheard-of /ʌnˈhɜːd.ɒv/ 表示“令人震惊的；前所未闻的，空前的”，英文解释为“surprising or shocking because not known about or previously experienced”举个🌰：It was unheard-of for an unmarried couple to live together. 未婚同居，这在以前是闻所未闻的事。
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