一座地标的十年：MVRDV 鹿特丹市集住宅

文摘 2024-12-05 12:26 上海

市集住宅十岁了！

It's 10 Years!

2024年10月，标志着由MVRDV设计的市集住宅 (Markthal) 建成十周年，十年前的十月，荷兰女王马克西玛在上千名见证者面前为市集住宅揭幕，建筑外还拥簇着很多参观者，都希望有机会成为鹿特丹这座新奇建筑的第一批入场者之一。这里集美食、休闲和生活于一体。自开幕以来的十年里，市集住宅已成为这座城市的重要标志之一，也是荷兰和全球最知名、最受关注的建筑之一。它见证了鹿特丹这座城市的戏剧性转型，并成为转型中的重要一环，与整座城市的发展历史密不可分。

October 2024 marks 10 years since Queen Máxima of the Netherlands opened the Markthal in front of a crowd of 1,600 people – with many, many more waiting outside for a chance to be one of the first people inside Rotterdam’s newest attraction, a combination of food, leisure, and living. In the decade since its inauguration, the Markthal has become an icon of the city and one of the most recognisable and talked-about buildings in the whole of the Netherlands. It has also been witness to – and played a part in – a dramatic urban transformation in Rotterdam, becoming irrevocably intertwined with the story of the city at large.

2014年10月1日，荷兰女王马克西玛为鹿特丹市集住宅揭幕

Queen Maxima of the Netherlands opened Markthal on October 1st, 2014

2014年10月1日，市集住宅开幕当天

Opening day of Markthal on October 1st, 2014

别具一格的拱形结构

A Unique Arch

回到2004年的十月，彼时MVRDV与开发商Provast联合赢得了鹿特丹市政厅组织的竞赛，即为鹿特丹的历史发源地——Binnenrotte打造一个大市场。

Today we’re travelling back to October 2004 when, together with Provast, we won the competition organised by the Gemeente Rotterdam for the design and construction of a market hall at the Binnenrotte, the historic birthplace of Rotterdam.

MVRDV 创始合伙人、市集住宅主创建筑师 Winy Maas 在市集住宅拱形门外

MVRDV Founding Partner and Principal Architect Winy Maas at Markthal

设计任务是在场地内建造一个有顶棚的市场，作为相邻的露天市场的延伸。同时，政府还希望能够通过这个项目增加市中心东部的居民数量。主要功能包含住宅、停车场和市场。

The assignment was to create a covered market hall to be an extension of the existing open air Binnenrotte market. The municipality also wanted to increase the number of inhabitants in this eastern part of the city centre. The programme developed therefore included housing, parking, and a market hall.

显而易见的解决方案是设计两个“简单”的住宅楼，在中间加入一个有顶棚的市场。但MVRDV 提出了一个更有趣的概念方案：一个马蹄形的拱形结构，将市集的大厅与住宅公寓融为一体，让居民可以在自己的房间就能够看到室内热闹的市场。拱形结构营造出一种开放、有吸引力的氛围，同时最大限度地利用了空间。同时也让建筑本身成为一座醒目的城市地标。

The obvious solution would have been to come up with two ‘simple’ residential blocks with a covered marketplace in-between. But we came with a better response: a horseshoe-shaped arch that would integrate the market hall stands with the apartments, offering residents views into the lively market below. This arch creates an open, inviting atmosphere while maximizing the use of space. It turns the building into a striking visual landmark.

市集住宅概念动画

concept

艺术壁画《丰饶之角》

Cornucopia

市集住宅最大的特点之一是由鹿特丹艺术家 Arno Coenen 和 Iris Roskam 创作的巨型壁画“丰饶之角”。这幅数字艺术作品面积达 11,000 平方米，由 4,500 块铝板组成，生动地描绘了丰收的景象——包括新鲜的水果、鲜花、鱼和著名的劳伦斯教堂。

Today we look into one of the key factors of Markthal: the monumental mural called "Cornucopia", crafted by Rotterdam artists Arno Coenen and Iris Roskam. This digital art piece expands over an impressive 11,000 square meters, and is composed of 4,500 aluminium panels which helped create the vivid portrayal of an abundant harvest – complete with fresh fruits, flowers, fish, and the famous Laurenskerk.

艺术家Arno Coenen 和 Iris Roskam 在二人创作的《丰饶之角》巨幅壁画下

Artists Arno Coenen and Iris Roskam created Cornucupia for Markthal

丰饶之角的灵感来自荷兰黄金时代流行的静物画风格、希腊神话关于丰饶之角的传说，以及西斯廷教堂等地的拱门装饰艺术。人们在市集住宅内抬头仰视这幅拱形的壁画时，会有一种躺在草地上仰望天空的感觉，壁画中心是一轮灿烂的太阳，象征着丰饶和富足。

Cornucopia draws inspiration from the grand still-life traditions of the Dutch Golden Age, Greek mythology, and the art of arch decoration seen in places like the Sistine Chapel. It evokes the sensation of lying in a meadow, gazing up through the Markthal towards the sky, with a radiant sun at its centre, symbolising abundance.

作为欧洲最大的数字艺术装置之一，《丰饶之角》采用了非常具有挑战性的制作技术。画面的分辨率为 400,000 兆像素，全部使用皮克斯 3D 动画软件制作而成，创造出无与伦比的视觉体验，从不同楼层观看壁画的感受都不相同。

As one of Europe’s largest digital art installations, one can only imagine the technology used to create the mural! Indeed, Cornucopia was created at a resolution of 400,000 megapixels, all crafted using Pixar 3D animation software. This results in an unparalleled visual experience that invites viewers to engage with the artwork on multiple levels.

3D动画软件制作的图片被打印在4500块多孔铝板上，拼接成巨幅的《丰饶之角》

The digital 3D-animation was separated into 4500 pieces and then printed on perforated aluminum panels

壁画本身兼容了艺术性和创新性，声学特性使其具有超越美学的功能，壁画的面板上布满了小孔，有助于减少来自喧闹市场的回声。不仅优化了人们对市场的声音体验，也保证了居住者不被嘈杂的声音干扰。

But the Markthal is as innovative as it is artistic. The mural serves a function beyond aesthetics thanks to its acoustic qualities, with the panels covered in small holes that help to reduce echoes. This not only enhances the experience of those visiting the bustling market, but also ensures that sound is absorbed for those residing in the apartments.

欧洲最大的索网幕墙

The Largest Cable Net Facade in Europe

你知道吗，市集住宅拥有欧洲最大面积的索网立面！

Did you know that the cable net façade of the Markthal is the largest of its kind in Europe?

拱形结构两端的玻璃立面分别设置了 26 条垂直索和 22 条水平索，共同形成一个类似于网球拍的悬挂网结构。这张网可承受约 25,000 公斤的压力，具有足够的韧性来抵御暴风雨。索网幕墙的中间部分可承受高达 70 厘米的偏移。

The glass façade is divided into 26 vertical and 22 horizontal cables. Together they form a suspended net, similar to a tennis racket. This net can hold a pressure of 25,000 kilograms, having enough flexibility to withstand heavy storms. In the middle, the façade can be exposed to deflections up to 70 centimetres!

像网球拍一样具有韧性的索网立面

the suspended net of the glass façade is similar to a tennis racket

市集住宅采用开放式的设计。虽然拱门的两端必须进行物理封闭以提供防风雨保护，但单层玻璃的索网立面最大程度上实现了室内外空间的视觉通透。建筑内部的拱形空间和艺术壁画的鲜艳色彩从室外也清晰可见，调动人们的好奇心。市集住宅的外部采用灰色天然石材，与室外广场的色调相同，从而更加凸显出内部空间的丰富和精彩。

The building is designed with an open character. While the ends of the arch had to be physically closed to provide protection from the weather, they are kept as transparent as possible by this single-glazed cable net façade. Thanks to the glass façade, the arched shape of the building and the bright colours of the artwork remain clearly visible, inviting the public to enter the building. The exterior of the Markthal is executed in grey natural stone, the same as on the pavements, to place greater emphasis on the interior.

在市场里居住，在居所里感受本地烟火气

Living in a Market

市集住宅的特别之处还在于其独特的类型：一座被住宅覆盖的市场。建筑包括 102 套出租公寓和 126 套出售公寓，其中有 24 套顶层公寓。公寓面积从 80 到 300 平方米不等，每套公寓包含的卧室数量从一到五间不等。

What makes the Markthal special is its typology: a market that is covered by housing. The building comprises 102 apartments for rent and 126 for sale, including 24 penthouses. The apartments vary from 80 to 300 square metres and from one to five bedrooms.

剖面图

section

住户可以通过六个独立的入口到达各自的公寓，这些入口分别通向电梯和楼梯。由于结构原因，电梯厅的大小和位置在不同的楼层平面中逐渐变化。在一楼，电梯位于内立面，在顶层，电梯位于外立面。

Inhabitants can reach their apartments through six separate entrances leading to elevators and stairs. Due to the structure, the elevator hall gradually changes in size and location across all the floorplans. At the ground floor, the elevator is located at the inner façade, and at the top floor towards the outer façade.

每户居民都可以通过窗户或隔音隔臭的三层玻璃地板看到内部的市场。公寓的厨房、餐厅和储藏室也都设置在市场一侧，从视觉上与市场建立联系。

Every resident has a view towards the market through windows or a glass floor made of sound- and smell-proof triple glazing. Kitchens, dining rooms and storage are positioned at the market side, establishing a connection to the market.

顶层公寓的地板上也设置了玻璃地窗，住户可以看到下方市场的繁忙景象

The floor of the penthouse has open windows facing downwards, where the residents can see the bustling market

强大的城市磁力场

An Urban Magnet

在过去的十年里，市集住宅已经成为了一块强有力的磁石，吸引着世界各地的人们来此“朝圣”，它也是鹿特丹名副其实的“城市名片”。这座建筑每年吸引约 850 万游客，每周约有 163,000 名游客。

In these past 10 years the Markthal has become a real magnet for visitors, as well as true landmark of Rotterdam. The building attracts around 8.5 million visitors a year, which amounts to 163,000 visitors every week.

在开幕后的三年间，先后经过市场调研公司Strabo的四次跟踪调研，得到了喜人的结果。Strabo的总监Hans van Tellingen 曾评价道，“本质上说，市集住宅是成功的，是一个巨大的成功，一个被市场验证的巨大成功。我甚至敢说，它是本世纪最棒的购物中心。”

Market Hall Rotterdam was analysed four times by market research company Strabo over the last three years. Strabo director Hans van Tellingen describes the building's impact in superlatives: “In essence, Market Hall is a success. A big success. A proven success. … I dare to say that it is even the best new shopping centre of the century."

部分来自Strabo的跟踪数据：

Key data and results from Strabo's researches:

来市集住宅参观体验的人数约为每周15万人；每年参观人数约为800万人
Each week the building is visited by 150,000 people, which results in a 'net visitor' amount of eight million per year
在所有来访的体验者中，53%来自鹿特丹，47%来自荷兰其他城市或荷兰境外
33% of the visitors are from Rotterdam, 20% from the Rotterdam metro area (Rijnmond), with the remaining 47% from the rest of the Netherlands and abroad
在所有来访的体验者中，56%的收入水平处在平均线以上；33%则属于低收入人群。市集住宅能够吸引不同收入群体和阶层
56% of visitors earn an above average income, whilst 33% of visitors earn in the low income range. Market Hall attracts visitors from a wide range of economic groups
大部分参观者都是成对来访，参观团体的人数平均为1.84
Most visitors come in pairs; the average group size is 1,84
参观者中一半以上都是专程来参观打卡，其余则是为了休闲体验
Half of the visitors come to Market Hall as a destination visit; the rest are strolling for leisure
据统计，与其他鹿特丹市中心的目的地相比，参观者在市集住宅花费的平均时间为45分钟
An average visit to Market Hall takes 45 minutes or more. This is, again, comparable to that of visits to city centres
市集住宅每周平均营业额为 130 万欧元。年营业额约为 6300 万欧元。其中 29% 的营业额来自商店，18% 来自餐厅，53% 来自市场摊位。
The average weekly turnover of Market Hall is 1,3 million Euro. The annual turnover is approximately 63 million Euro. 29% of this turnover is reached at the stores, 18% at the restaurants, and 53% at market stalls.

2017年，CNN称鹿特丹为"欧洲下一个最酷的城市"

CNN hailed Rotterdam as "Europe’s next capital of cool" in 2017

此外，在过去的十年中，市集住宅对鹿特丹的城市景观、经济和文化特征产生了重大影响。鹿特丹一度以世界最繁忙的港口之一而闻名，而市集住宅的出现和成功则帮助这座城市因数十年来在这里实现的创新建筑和城市设计而获得了更多国际关注。

Additionally, the Markthal has been credited with a significant influence on Rotterdam’s urban landscape, economy, and cultural identity over the last decade. Once primarily known for its port, the success of the Markthal helped the city become more recognised internationally for the innovative architecture and urban design that has been developing here for decades.

在市集住宅建成十年之际，MVRDV 创始合伙人、市集住宅的主创建筑师 Winy Maas 接受了 Radio Rijnmond 的采访，回顾了这座建筑的影响，“鹿特丹对这座建筑给予非常正面的反应，因为它不是一座‘简单’的综合体，更是一个公共空间，艺术在其中发挥着重要作用，人们可以在这里生活。但我也惊讶于它在全世界范围的影响力之大，”Winy 说，“有大量来自世界各地的访问团陆续来到鹿特丹参观市集住宅，为他们各自城市的住房建设寻找范例和替代方法。”

Winy Maas was interviewed by Radio Rijnmond this week to reflect on the effect the Markthal has had. "The reactions in Rotterdam for this building were very pleasant, because it wasn’t a ‘simple’ tower but a public space where art has an important role and where you can live. But the impact worldwide was also surprising to me," says Winy. "There was a huge number of different groups that came to visit Rotterdam to look at this alternative way to construct housing for their own respective city or town."

可持续的典范

An Example of Sustainability

二十年前，MVRDV在设计市集住宅时，就着重考虑了项目的可持续性，采用当时最先进的创新技术优化能耗。市集住宅地下层连接了鹿特丹的城市供热系统和热储存系统，因此获得了 BREEAM 可持续建筑评估体系“优秀 (Very Good)” 级别认证。

Sustainability was a key consideration in our design of the Markthal, with many – for their time – cutting edge technical innovations. The Markthal received a BREEAM Very Good certificate as the building is connected to city heating and a thermal storage system underneath the building.

MVRDV 对于市场内部空间的设计也进行了广泛的研究，以创造舒适的室内微气候，并尽可能地降低能源消耗。市场的大厅内实现自然通风，新鲜空气从玻璃幕墙下方流入，上升并通过屋顶的通风井离开大厅。这创造了一个无需任何机器即可自运行的热系统。中央监控系统在不同的程序之间交换热量，大大减少了加热和冷却所需的装置数量。

For the hall itself, extensive research was conducted to create a comfortable interior climate with an extremely low energy use. The hall is naturally ventilated, with fresh air flowing in underneath the glass façade and rising upwards to leave the hall through ventilation shafts in the roof. This creates a thermal system which can function without any machinery. A central monitoring system exchanges heat between different programmes, which decreased the number of installations needed for heating and cooling significantly.

十年后的今天，市集住宅对 MVRDV 意味着什么呢？不可否认，每一个建筑师都有一个为自己家乡打造地标建筑的梦想。同时，这样的地标已经超越了建筑师自己，拥有了自己的生命和故事。它更多属于公众，属于它所在的城市。

Ten years later, what does the Markthal mean to MVRDV? For any architect, a project becoming a chapter in the story of their home city is an undeniable dream. At the same time, such a project outgrows the architect, and takes on a life of its own. It now belongs more to the public and the city.

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