Buchwald-Hartwig偶联反应,是钯催化和碱存在下伯胺或仲胺与卤代芳基的交叉偶联反应,产生C-N键,生成胺的N-芳基化产物。此反应是合成芳胺的主要手段。
钯催化剂:(常用有:Pd2(dba)3,Pd(OAc)2)
碱:(NaOt-Bu、LHMDS、K2CO3或Cs2CO3)
溶剂:(四氢呋喃、甲苯,二甲苯、二恶烷,1,4-二氧六环)
配体:(BINAP,P(t-Bu3),P(o-tolyl)3,Xantphos,DPPF, BrettPhos, RuPhos, XPhos, SPhos,BippyPhos)
反应机理:
反应的机理如同其它钯催化的反应,分为氧化加成,胺配位,脱质子,还原消除。反应,如下图所示:
首先Pd催化剂被还原为活性的Pd,脱去一个配体形成高活性pd (l)进入催化循环。芳卤)发生氧化加成形成中间体(ll),。接下来,(ll)中的一个卤原子被胺取代,形成中间体(lll),(lll)被强碱去质子化生成(lv)。然后(lv)有两种可能的转化方式,一是发生还原消除生成需要的产物芳胺,二是发生β-氢消除生成副产物芳烃和亚胺。两种情况下Pd-L物种都获得再生,进入下一个催化循环 。
由机理可看出,在卤素被消除生成芳烃及胺的消除生成亚胺是其经常的副反应。
反应案例:
Buchwald反应示例一
An oven-dried Schlenk tube was charged with cesium carbonate which had been finely ground with a mortar and pestle (1.4 eq) in a nitrogen-filled glovebox. The tube was capped with a rubber septum and removed from the glovebox. The tube was then charged with Pd2(dba)3 or Pd(OAc)2 and BINAP or PPF-OMe, and purged with argon. The aryl bromide (1.0 eq), the amine (1.2 eq), and toluene (2 mL/mmol halide) were added, and the mixture was heated to 100 oC with stirring until the starting material had been consumed as judged by GC analysis. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with ether (20 ml), filtered, and concentrated. The crude product was then purified by flash chromatography on silica gel.
Buchwald反应示例二
Pd(OAc)2 (0.025 mol%) and P(t-Bu)3 or Xantphose (0.10 mol%) (Phosphine/Pd=4:1) were added to the suspension of aryl halide (40 mmol), diarylamine (40 mmol) and NaOtBu (48 mmol) in o-xylene (60 mL) in N2 atmosphere. The mixture was heated for 3 h at 120 oC. Subsequently, it was cooled to room temeperature. H2O (60 mL) was added to it, the organic layer was separated and concentrated. The crude product was then purified by flash chromatography on silica gel or re-crystallization with MeOH/THF.
实验提示
反应需在无水无氧条件下进行,一般回流反应。
对于a-位有手性的胺,配体对手性的影响很大。P(o-tolyl)3作配体,ee值急剧减少。而用消旋BINAP,ee值基本没有减少
当钯催化剂与螯合膦型配体(如BINAP、DPPF、XANTPHOS和DPBP)或双齿配体(如反式,反式-二亚苄基丙酮)络合时,可获得更高产率。
芳基氯化物的胺化可能特别困难,需要很多膦才能达到合理产量。无溶剂方法已被证明可高效解决该难题。
芳基醚可通过芳基卤代物或三氟甲磺酸酯与脂肪醇或苯酚偶联而形成。
催化剂和配体无固定搭配,常用效果较好的配体为Xantphos和BINAP。对于底物为苯环类化合物,溶解性较好化合物,常用甲苯作溶剂;对于杂环类反应,溶解性不好的底物常用1,4-二氧六环作溶剂。溴化物与胺的偶联常用t-BuOK或t-BuONa作碱,三氟甲磺酸酯与胺的反应常用Cs2CO3作碱。
对于某些底物来说,甲基吡咯烷酮和二甲基乙酰胺 等非质子溶剂可以促进β-氢消除一步发生。以及非质子非极性溶剂(如间二甲 苯)虽不能很好地溶解反应用碱叔丁醇盐,此类溶剂仍是此反应最好的溶剂。
反应延申:
1:二苯甲基亚胺与碘化苯或三氟甲磺酸酚酯在钯催化下可高产率生成苯基亚胺,而二苯甲基可在羟胺,醋酸钠或盐酸,四氢呋喃条件下温和脱去。此方法为卤代苯转化为苯胺提供个很好的途径。
2:分子内,溴可与伯胺或酰胺偶联高产率关环生成吡啶或吡咯。
3:运用dppf作配体,取代溴苯和吡咯及吲哚也能反应,而且有很好的收率 。
4:Buchwald 反应还对伯胺和仲胺有一定的选择性,优先和伯胺反应。