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初中英语其实不难，需要记忆的单词量还不大，语法也很简单。初一开始的课程在学习音标、复习小学学过的内容，到了初二才会接触一些稍微有难度的语法，知识还是比较基础的，紧跟着老师的脚步就行。今天和大家分享的是九年级英语上册：10个必考语法整理，抓紧掌握争取月考拿高分！![]()
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如：She knew that the teacher had seen the film.（“that the teacher had seen the film”做 knew 的宾语，同时又是由连接词 that 引导的从句，所以它叫做宾语从句。）（1）动词宾语从句：顾名思义，它是位于动词后面的宾语从句。例如：He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class．他问我们班上谁的书法最好。（2）介词宾语从句：顾名思义，它是位于介词后面的宾语从句。例如：I agree with what you said just now.我同意你刚才说的话。（3）形容词宾语从句：顾名思义，它是位于形容词后面的宾语从句。例如：I am afraid that I will be late. 恐怕我要迟到了。（2）whether/if：表示是否，在宾语从句中不做成分。
I don't know if /whether he still lives here after so many years. 我不知道这么多年后，他是否还住在这里。（3）连接代词：what, which, who, whom, whose（在宾语从句中做主、宾、表和定语）连接副词：where, when, how, why（在宾语从句中做状语）The small children don't know what is in their stockings．（what 在宾语从句中做主语）Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning？（why 在宾语从句中做原因状语）①当主句是现在时态时，宾语从句可以根据需要使用任何时态。
I don't know when he will come back．我不知道他将何时回来。He tells me that his sister came back yesterday．他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。②当主句是过去时态时，宾语从句必须是一种过去的时态。
She asked me if I knew whose pen it was．她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。
He said that he could finish his work before supper．他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。③当表示客观事实或普遍真理的句子做宾语从句时，任何时候都用一般现在时。
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun．老师说过地球绕着太阳转。
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that， which， who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where， when， why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去。非限制性定语从句与主句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。（1）that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.The coat （that） I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。（that作宾语）（2）which用于指物，在句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.The film （which） we saw last night was wonderful. （3）who， whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom。who和whom作宾语时也可省略。例如：The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。（作主语）Who is the teacher （whom） Li Ming is talking to？ （1）when指时间，其先行词表示时间，when在定语从句中作时间状语。例如：This was the time when he arrived.（2）where指地点，其先行词表示地点，where在定语从句中作地点状语。例如：This is place where he works.（3）why 指原因，其先行词是原因，why在定语从句中做原因状语。例如：Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 肯定句：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+其他否定句：主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词+其他一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）（1）现在完成时用来表示过去已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果。也就是说，动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在，强调的是现在。I have already posted the photo.与此种用法连用的时间状语时一些模糊的过去时间状语，如already（肯定句句中）, yet（否定句/疑问句句尾）, just, before, recently,still, lately,never等。（2）现在完成时也可用来表示动作或状态发生在过去某一时刻，持续到现在并且有可能会继续持续下去。He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。)此种用法常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用。谓语动词必须是延续性动词。catch a cold----have a cold对于现在完成时的考查，多以单选、句型转换或词语运用的形式考查学生在具体语境中灵活运用时态的能力。在考试中，会让大家判断是否该用现在完成时，或者是考查“瞬间动词”不能与表示一段时间的状语连用”这一知识点。His father_____the party since 1978解析：本题考查学生对现在完成时的熟练掌握。since 1978表达“自从1978年一直到现在”，表示这件事情从过去一直持续到现在，应该用现在完成时，而且动词必须是延续性动词，A、B均为瞬间动词，不能与时间段连用，故排除；C为一般过去时，也不行。I saw the film yesterday evening.I have seen the film before.①现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响和结果，而一般过去时与现在没有联系，只是说明某个动作发生的时间是在过去。②一般过去时通常与具体明确的过去时间状语连用。如yesterday, last week , two years ago，just now，in 2002 等；而现在完成时则常与 just ,already ,ever ,never 等模糊的过去时间状语和 these days ,this week ,since..., for... 等表示一段时间的状语连用。—______ you your homework yet ?—Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .C.Have ; done ; have finished解析：本题考查一般过去时和现在完成时的用法区别。问句中的yet表明应该用现在完成时，而回答中的a moment ago 是一个明确的过去时间状语，应该用一般过去时。被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成，助动词be有时态，人称和数的变化。被动语态的时态是由be的时态决定的，be是什么时态，全句就是什么时态，be动词后面的过去分词不变。 一般现在时的被动语态：主语＋am / is / are （not）＋过去分词一般过去时的被动语态：主语＋was / were ＋过去分词
现在完成时的被动语态：主语＋have / has ＋been ＋过去分词
一般将来时的被动语态：主语＋will ＋be ＋过去分词
过去将来时的被动语态：主语＋would / should + be ＋过去分词
过去进行时的被动语态：主语＋was / were + being ＋过去分词
过去完成时的被动语态：主语＋had + been +过去分词（1）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁，不用by＋动作执行者短语。Football is played widely all over the world. The bank was robbed yesterday afternoon. It is reported that about twenty children have died of flu in the USA.
据报道美国大约二十名儿童死于流感。（3）原来的主语，如果需要的话，放在by后面；如果没必要，可省略。动词不定式是由“不定式符号to+动词原形”构成的一种非谓语动词结构。有些动词不定式不带to。动词不定式可以作句子的主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语、状语或单独使用。不定式保留动词的某些特性，可以有自己的宾语、状语等。动词不定式和它后面的宾语、状语等一起构成短语，叫作不定式短语。1. 用作主语
直接把动词不定式置于句首的情况不多，多数情况用it作形式主语，把真正的主语—动词不定式置于句末，特别是不定式短语较长时。It is our duty to try our best to deal with these problems.The head teacher said it was necessary to talk with his mother.How to learn English well is important.2. 用作表语
动词不定式作表语，常说明主语的内容、性质、特征。如：The best way is to join an English club.The first thing is to listen to the teacher carefully.3. 用作宾语
（1）可以接带to的动词不定式作宾语的动词主要有：要求选择同意(ask, choose, agree)；期望决定学习(expect, hope, decide, learn)；宁可假装知道(prefer, pretend, know)；希望想要愿意(wish, want, would like / love)。如：We decided to talk to some students about why they go there.
He prefers to eat white bread and rice.（2）动词feel, find, make, think等后面，可以用it作形式宾语代替真正的宾语—动词不定式，句子结构是...feel / find / make / ... it+adj. / n.+to do....如：I find it difficult to remember everything.（3）既可接动词不定式又可接v-ing形式作宾语，意思差别不太大的动词有begin, start, like, love等。一般说来，动词不定式表一次、数次的具体动作、将来动作或动作的全过程，v-ing形式表习惯性的连续动作。但是这种区别并不很严格，特别是美国英语，即使是习惯性的动作也可以用动词不定式。如：Then I started to watch TV.I am beginning to understand my parents.I like to eat vegetables.（4）后接动词不定式或v-ing形式作宾语，意思差别较大的动词有forget, remember等。后接不定式作宾语，表动作尚未发生；后接ving形式作宾语，表动作已经发生。stop to do停下来做另外一件事，to do是目的状语；stop doing停止做、不做当前这件事，doing是宾语；try to do尽力做，try doing试试看；go on to do接着做另外的事，go on doing继续做原来的事。如：When I left home, I forgot to bring it with me.I stopped using them last year.4. 用作定语
The question to be discussed next meeting is a difficult one.He is always the first man to come to the office.
He is the best man to do the job.This is the best way to work out the maths problem.I have a chance to travel to London.5. 用作宾语补足语
（1）带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词主要有：要求允许提议(ask, allow, , advise)；期望邀请鼓励(expect, , invite, encourage)；教导告诉想要(teach, tell, want)；等待希望愿意(wait for, wish, would like / love)。如：I’d invite her to have dinner at my house.We should allow the children to choose their own clothes.（2）动词不定式作补语，在主动语态句里不带to，被动语态句里带to时，多数动词是感官动词和使役动词。包括四“看”：look at, observe, see, watch；This picture makes me feel excited！We saw Liu Yu play baseball last week.（3）help后接动词不定式作补语，to可带可不带。
They can help you (to) learn English.6. 用作状语
（1）目的状语，置于句首或句末，置于句首时常表示强调。如：In order to catch the early bus, she got up very early.
A group of young people got together to discuss this question.She came to this city to visit her daughter.（2）原因状语，多见于“sb.+be+adj.+to do...”结构句中。如：I feel very lucky to have him.（3）结果状语，多见于“too...to”，“enough to...”结构句中。如：I’m too tired to do it well.The room is big enough for three people to live in.7. 动词不定式的复合结构
动词不定式的复合结构是“for / of sb. to do sth.”。不定式复合结构的介词用for还是of，主要决定于前面形容词的性质。一般说来，of前面的形容词是careful, clever, foolish, good, kind, nice, wise等，说明人的特性。for前面的形容词是dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, heavy, important, interesting, necessary等，一般说明不定式动作的特性，It’s a good idea for parents to allow children to study in groups during the evening.It’s wise of him to do it well.动词不定式前面可以带疑问代词what, which, who或疑问副词how, when, where, why等。这种结构起名词的作用，在句子里用作宾语、主语、表语等，或者单独使用。要注意的是，why后面的不定式不带to。如：I don’t know what to try next. (作宾语)Where to go is not decided yet.(作主语)What to do next?=What will we / you do next?Why go there?=Why do we / you go there?9. 动词不定式的否定式
不定式的否定式是not / never to do...；不带to的不定式的否定式是not / never do...如：They decide not to talk to each other.His parents tell him never to play soccer in the street.动名词相当于名词,在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语等。Fighting broke out between the South and the North.Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
请问你介意调小一点收音机的音量吗?Babysister’s job is washing,cooking and taking care of the children.Some are singing and dancing under a big tree. Some are drawing by the lake. Your son will be all right by supper time. How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term? 3. 表示方法、手段,可译作“靠”、“用”、“凭借”、“通过”、“乘坐”等。The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing.
猴子用尾巴吊在树上哈哈大笑。The boy’s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph.
孩子的父亲是那么的感激,于是他教爱迪生怎样通过铁路电报来传达信息。One by one they went past the table in the dark.
他们一个一个得在黑暗中经过这张桌子。What time is it by your watch? 6. 和take , hold等动词连用，说明接触身体的某一部分。7. 用于被动句中，表示行为主体,常译作“被”、“由”等。English is spoken by many people. 1. 肯定句：used这个词没有人称的变化，to后面接动词原形。
When I was a child, I didn’t use to like apples.Where did you use to live before you came here?
2. 含有used to 的句子的反意疑问句不要usedn’t + 主语,而用didn’t ＋ 主语。——He used to smoke, didn’t he? Yes, he did./ No, he didn’t. 如果我们所说的不是事实，而只是一种假设、愿望、建议或是一种实现不了的空想就用虚拟语气。
注意：条件句分两种，真实条件句和虚拟条件句。只有在虚拟（非真实）条件句中，才用虚拟语气；而在真实条件句中,要用陈述语气.
请比较：
（1）If it is sunny tomorrow , we’ll go to the zoo.
如果明天天气好,我们将会去公园。在这句话中，明天天气好是完全有可能实现的，并非虚拟、幻想，因此是真实条件句，在本句中，适用“主将从现。”
（2）If I were you , I would go at once.
如果我是你的话，我立刻就走。在这句话中，条件句“如果我是你”，但事实上，我不可能成为你，这只是假设的情况，没有实现的可能。当条件实现的可能性很小，甚至可以说没有时，就需要用虚拟语气来表示。
虚拟语气表示和现在的事实相反，从句用一般过时，主句用 “should/would/could/ might +动词原形。例如 ：
If I had time, I would go for a walk.
If I were invited, I would go to the dinner party.
If I won a million dollars in the lottery, I would put it in the bank.If I were you , I’d wear a shirt and tie.注意：在虚拟语气的句子中，be动词只能用were，不能用was。十. must/might/could/can't
1. must
如：You must stay here until I come back.Must I hand in my homework right now?对must引导的疑问句，肯定回答为must，否定回答为needn’t 或don’t have to .如：—Must I finish my homework?（2）must也可以表示有把握的推测，意为“ 一定，肯定”，用于肯定句。如: The light is on, so he must be at home now.如：You mustn’t play with fire.2. could
（1）can的过去式，意为“能、会”，表示过去的能力。如：He could write poems when he was 10.（2）could在疑问句中，表示委婉请求的语气，此时could没有过去式的意思。如:Could you do me a favour?3. might
might为may的过去式。might表示推测时，表示可能性低于may（此时might没有过去式的意思），当请求讲时，比may的语气更委婉。
He is away from school. He might be sick.Might I use your dictionary?4. can
（1）表示能力，一般译为“能、会”，尤其指生来具备的能力。如：She can swim fast, but I can’t .如：You can use my dictionary.（3）表示推测，意为“可能”，常用于否定句和疑问句中，此时can’t译为“不可能”。—No, it can’t be our teacher. He is on a visit to the Great Wall![]()
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