美国通胀之战虽胜,却恰逢更大挑战:大选后的美联储降息悬念

教育   2024-11-04 10:40   广东  
美国联邦储备委员会(美联储)官员在 11 月 5 日新总统选举后的一天在华盛顿总部开会时,可能会面临美国城市街道上的指责、抗议游行甚至社会动荡。如果卡玛拉・哈里斯当选,可能会引发唐纳德・特朗普的支持者上街;如果特朗普获胜,可能会在民主党人中引发广泛的愤怒和谴责。美联储本应表现得好像置身于政治泡沫之外,但这次划时代的选举很难被忽视。美联储预计将在数据显示为期两年的抗通胀之战在夏季基本获胜后,通过降息并暗示进一步多次降息来取悦获胜者。市场目前预计美联储主席杰罗姆・鲍威尔将在 11 月 7 日的新闻发布会上宣布降息 0.25 个百分点,利率区间降至 4.5% 至 4.75%。一些美联储官员对通胀的消退是否持久存在疑虑,他们担心企业会在劳动力市场紧张的情况下将价格提高到超过美联储 2% 的年度通胀目标。最新的就业数据显示美国失业率上升,10 月份新增就业岗位远低于预期,这使得更大幅度降息(0.5 个百分点)成为可能,这将受到大多数美国工人的欢迎。英国央行官员也将于 11 月 6 日开会并在 11 月 7 日宣布决定,英国央行行长表示如果通胀继续降温,可能会 “更积极” 地降息。英国最新通胀数据已降至 1.7%,低于目标。英国央行在决策方面有一个优势,即对政府财政有更好的了解,因为上周工党公布了预算。但增长冲刺可能会给价格带来压力,如果导致对熟练工人的需求激增,工人在雇主之间的竞价中要求更高工资,这可能意味着英国央行认为利率需要在较高水平维持更长时间。不过投资可能只会缓慢增长,使得通胀保持在低位、工资适度增长且利率继续下降。总的来说,一年后大西洋两岸的这两个经济体可能既不会过热也不会过冷,在经历了一段令人迷失方向的高通胀时期后恢复平衡。但美国选举可能会破坏这种精心安排,有争议的结果或特朗普获胜可能会使市场陷入混乱,破坏回归正常的进程。


原文:https://www.theguardian.com/business/2024/nov/03/americas-fight-with-inflation-has-been-won-just-in-time-for-a-bigger-battle

原文及译文参考:
There could be recriminations, protest marches and even social unrest on US city streets when Federal Reserve officials meet at their Washington HQ a day after the election of a new president on 5 November.
“11 月 5 日新总统选举后的一天,当美联储官员在华盛顿总部开会时,美国城市街道上可能会出现指责、抗议游行甚至社会动荡。”
The election of Kamala Harris could bring supporters of Donald Trump on to the streets, while a victory for Trump could provoke widespread anger and condemnation among Democrats.
“卡玛拉・哈里斯的当选可能会让唐纳德・特朗普的支持者走上街头,而特朗普的胜利可能会在民主党人中引发广泛的愤怒和谴责。”
The Fed is supposed to behave as if it lives outside the political bubble, away from the daily jousting in Congress and the White House. An era-defining election will be more difficult to ignore.
“美联储本应表现得好像置身于政治泡沫之外,远离国会和白宫的日常争斗。一场划时代的选举将更难被忽视。”
Nevertheless, the Fed is expected to please whoever wins by cutting interest rates and signalling several more reductions, after figures showed a two-year battle against inflation had been largely won in the summer.
“然而,在数据显示为期两年的抗通胀之战在夏季基本获胜后,美联储预计将通过降息并暗示进一步多次降息来取悦获胜者。”
Markets currently expect Fed boss Jerome Powell to announce a 0.25-percentage-point reduction in interest rates, to a spread between 4.5% and 4.75%, at a press conference on 7 November.
“市场目前预计美联储主席杰罗姆・鲍威尔将在 11 月 7 日的新闻发布会上宣布降息 0.25 个百分点,利率区间降至 4.5% 至 4.75%。”
There are doubts among some Fed officials about whether the defeat of inflation has been permanent and lasting. They worry that businesses will jack up prices by more than the Fed’s 2% annual inflation target in response to a tight labour market that has kept wage increases steady even as inflation has fallen.
“一些美联储官员对通胀的消退是否持久存在疑虑。他们担心企业会在劳动力市场紧张的情况下将价格提高到超过美联储 2% 的年度通胀目标,尽管通胀已经下降,但劳动力市场仍使工资增长保持稳定。”
However, the most recent jobs data showed the unemployment rate rising from 3.4% to 4.1% over the last 18 months, after hitting 4.3% in July.
“然而,最新的就业数据显示,在 7 月份达到 4.3% 后,失业率在过去 18 个月里从 3.4% 上升到了 4.1%。”
The closely watched non-farm payroll report on Friday showed the US economy had added just 12,000 jobs in October. That was well below expectations for 113,000. There were special factors at play – the impacts of hurricanes Helene and Milton both affected the month, and a strike at Boeing also had an effect. But even so, analysts were aware of these factors when making their forecasts.
“周五备受关注的非农就业报告显示,美国经济在 10 月份仅增加了 12000 个就业岗位。这远低于预期的 113000 个。有一些特殊因素在起作用 —— 飓风海伦和米尔顿的影响都对这个月产生了影响,波音公司的罢工也有影响。但即便如此,分析师在做出预测时已经考虑到了这些因素。”
The weak data means that a larger 0.5-percentage-point reduction in the cost of borrowing is possible. A bigger cut would be welcomed by most US workers, whose wage increases have yet to reverse a noticeable slide in living standards.
“疲软的数据意味着更大幅度的 0.5 个百分点的借贷成本降低是可能的。更大幅度的降息将受到大多数美国工人的欢迎,他们的工资增长尚未扭转生活水平的明显下降。”
British workers are similarly hard-pressed and looking forward to a rate cut by the Bank of England to ease mortgage and rental costs.
“英国工人同样处境艰难,期待着英国央行降息以减轻抵押贷款和租金成本。”
Policymakers at the Bank’s Threadneedle Street HQ also meet on 6 November and, like Fed officials, deliver their verdict on 7 November.
“英国央行位于针线街总部的政策制定者也将于 11 月 6 日开会,并与美联储官员一样,在 11 月 7 日宣布他们的决定。”
There is a strong chance the Bank will cut interest rates after governor Andrew Bailey told the Guardian that it could become a “bit more aggressive” in doing so if inflation continued to cool. That was before the latest official figures showed UK inflation had fallen to 1.7% in September – below the Bank’s 2% target and the lowest level in three and a half years.
“在行长安德鲁・贝利告诉《卫报》如果通胀继续降温,英国央行可能会在降息方面 “更积极” 之后,英国央行很有可能降息。在此之前,最新官方数据显示英国 9 月份通胀率已降至 1.7%,低于英国央行 2% 的目标,也是三年半以来的最低水平。”
The Bank will have a big advantage over the Fed, and that relates to the political backdrop for its decisions.
“英国央行在决策方面将比美联储有一个很大的优势,这与它的决策的政治背景有关。”
While the Fed will be in the dark about the tax and spending policies of the incoming president, Labour’s budget last week gives the Bank a good view of the government’s finances five years ahead.
“虽然美联储将对即将上任的总统的税收和支出政策一无所知,但上周工党的预算让英国央行对政府未来五年的财政状况有了很好的了解。”
By some measures, the budget restricts government spending, giving Bailey and his colleagues room to cut rates at a faster pace. The only cross-current comes from investment spending, which Rachel Reeves said would rise substantially after relaxing government borrowing rules.
“从某些方面来看,预算限制了政府支出,给了贝利和他的同事们以更快的速度降息的空间。唯一的逆流来自投资支出,瑞秋・里夫斯表示,在放宽政府借贷规则后,投资支出将大幅增加。”
A dash for growth could put pressure on prices if it leads to a jump in demand for skilled workers, and those workers demand higher pay in a bidding war between employers. This scenario may mean the Bank judges that rates need to stay higher for longer.
“如果增长冲刺导致对熟练工人的需求激增,而这些工人在雇主之间的竞价中要求更高工资,那么这可能会给价格带来压力。这种情况可能意味着英国央行认为利率需要在较高水平维持更长时间。”
Yet investment is likely only to rise slowly, whatever ministers say about the urgency – allowing inflation to remain low, wages to increase only modestly and interest rates to continue on their downward path.
“然而,无论部长们对紧迫性怎么说,投资可能只会缓慢增长,这使得通胀保持在低位、工资适度增长且利率继续下降。”
It follows that, on both sides of the Atlantic, these two economies could be running neither too hot or too cold in a year’s time, having regained their sense of balance after a disorientating period of rocketing inflation.
“因此,在大西洋两岸,这两个经济体在一年后可能既不会过热也不会过冷,在经历了一段令人迷失方向的高通胀时期后恢复了平衡。”
The only blot on the landscape is the US election, which could wreck this careful choreography. A disputed result, or a Trump victory, will probably send markets into a spin, upsetting the return to something like normality.
“唯一的污点是美国选举,它可能会破坏这种精心安排。有争议的结果或特朗普的胜利可能会使市场陷入混乱,破坏回归正常的进程。”
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