展禽论祀爰居
Zhan Qin's Discussion on Sacrificing to Yuanju (the Sea Bird)
海鸟曰“爰居”，止于鲁东门之外二日。There was a sea-bird called "Yuanju", which perched outside the east gate of the state of Lu for two days.
有一种海鸟名叫“爰居”，在鲁国都城东门外停留了两天。
臧文仲使国人祭之。Zang Wenzhong ordered the people of the state to offer sacrifices to it.
臧文仲让国都的人去祭祀这只海鸟。
展禽曰：“越哉，臧孙之为政也！夫祀，国之大节也，而节，政之所成也。故慎制祀以为国典。今无故而加典，非政之宜也。”Zhan Qin said, "How far-fetched Zang Sun's governance is! Sacrifice is a great ceremony of the state, and ceremony is the foundation of good governance. Therefore, sacrifices should be carefully regulated and made into national laws. Now, adding sacrifices without good reason is not appropriate for governance."
展禽说：“臧孙治理政事真是太越礼了！祭祀，是国家的重大礼节，而礼节是治国的基础。所以要慎重地制定祭祀的礼仪，并将其作为国家的典章。现在无缘无故地增加祭祀，这对治国是不合适的。”
夫圣王之制祀也，法施于民则祀之，以死勤事则祀之，以劳定国则祀之，能御大灾则祀之，能捍大患则祀之。非是族也，不在祀典。The sage - kings in ancient times regulated sacrifices as follows: those who had laws benefiting the people were sacrificed to; those who had died in the line of duty were sacrificed to; those who had established the state with their toil were sacrificed to; those who could avert great disasters were sacrificed to; those who could defend against great calamities were sacrificed to. Those not belonging to these categories were not included in the sacrificial rites.
古代圣王制定祭祀的原则是：对那些把好的法令制度推行给民众的人就祭祀他，为国家辛勤做事而死的人就祭祀他，因辛劳而使国家安定的人就祭祀他，能够抵御大灾难的人就祭祀他，能够抵御大祸患的人就祭祀
昔烈山氏之有天下也，其子曰柱，能植百谷百蔬。夏之兴也，周弃继之，故祀以为稷。共工氏之伯九有也，其子曰后土，能平九土，故祀以为社。In the past, when the Lieshan Clan ruled the world, his son Zhu was able to plant hundreds of kinds of grains and vegetables. When the Xia Dynasty rose, Zhou Qi succeeded him, so he was sacrificed to as the God of Grains. When Gonggong was the chief of the nine regions, his son Houtu was able to level the nine kinds of land, so he was sacrificed to as the God of the Earth.
从前烈山氏统治天下时，他的儿子叫柱，能够种植各种谷物和蔬菜。夏朝兴起后，周弃继承了柱的事业，所以把他当作谷神祭祀。共工氏称霸九州时，他的儿子叫后土，能够平整九州的土地，所以把他当作土神祭祀。
黄帝能成命百物，以明民共财。Huangdi was able to give names to all things, making the people understand and share wealth.
黄帝能给万物命名，使百姓明白道理并共享财物。
颛顼能修之，帝喾能序三辰以固民，尧能单均刑法以议民，舜勤民事而野死，鲧障供水而殛死。Zhuanxu was able to continue his work, Diku was able to arrange the three celestial bodies to stabilize the people, Yao was able to make the criminal laws fair to judge the people, Shun died in the wild because of his hard work for the people's affairs, Gun was killed because he blocked the flood.
颛顼能继承黄帝的事业，帝喾能安排日月星辰的运行来使百姓安居乐业，尧能公平地施行刑法来治理百姓，舜因辛勤地为百姓做事而死在野外，鲧因堵塞洪水而被处死。
禹能以德修鲧之功，契为司徒而民辑，冥勤其官而水死。Yu was able to complete Gun's work with virtue, Xie served as Situ and the people were harmonious, Ming died in water because of his hard work in his official position.
禹能用美德继续完成鲧的治水事业，契担任司徒而使百姓和睦，冥因辛勤履行职责而死于水中。
汤以宽治民而除其邪，稷勤百谷而山死，文王以文昭，武王去民之秽。Tang governed the people with leniency and eliminated the evil, Qi worked hard on grains and died in the mountain, King Wen was famous for his culture, and King Wu removed the filth among the people.
汤用宽厚的政策治理百姓并除掉邪恶，稷因致力于种植百谷而死在山中，文王以文德昭著，武王除掉了百姓的祸害。
故有虞氏禘黄帝而祖颛顼，郊尧而宗舜；夏后氏禘黄帝而祖颛顼，郊鲧而宗禹；Therefore, the Youyu Clan offered sacrifices to Huangdi in the Di sacrifice, regarded Zhuanxu as their ancestor, sacrificed to Yao in the Jiao sacrifice and regarded Shun as their patriarch; the Xia Dynasty offered sacrifices to Huangdi in the Di sacrifice, regarded Zhuanxu as their ancestor, sacrificed to Gun in the Jiao sacrifice and regarded Yu as their patriarch;
所以有虞氏用禘祭祭祀黄帝，用祖祭祭祀颛顼，用郊祭祭祀尧，用宗祭祭祀舜；夏后氏用禘祭祭祀黄帝，用祖祭祭祀颛顼，用郊祭祭祀鲧，用宗祭祭祀禹；
商人禘舜而祖契，郊冥而宗汤；周人禘喾而郊稷，祖文王而宗武王。The Shang people offered sacrifices to Shun in the Di sacrifice, regarded Xie as their ancestor, sacrificed to Ming in the Jiao sacrifice and regarded Tang as their patriarch; the Zhou people offered sacrifices to Diku in the Di sacrifice, sacrificed to Qi in the Jiao sacrifice, regarded King Wen as their ancestor and King Wu as their patriarch.
商人用禘祭祭祀舜，用祖祭祭祀契，用郊祭祭祀冥，用宗祭祭祀汤；周人用禘祭祭祀帝喾，用郊祭祭祀稷，用祖祭祭祀文王，用宗祭祭祀武王。
幕，能帅颛顼者也，有虞氏报焉；杼，能帅禹者也，夏后氏报焉；上甲微，能帅契者也，商人报焉；Mu, who was able to follow Zhuanxu, was offered sacrifices by the Youyu Clan; Zhu, who was able to follow Yu, was offered sacrifices by the Xia Dynasty; Shangjiawei, who was able to follow Xie, was offered sacrifices by the Shang people;
幕能遵循颛顼的德政，有虞氏对他进行报祭；杼能遵循禹的德政，夏后氏对他进行报祭；上甲微能遵循契的德政，商人对他进行报祭；
高圉、太王，能帅稷者也，周人报焉。凡禘、郊、祖、宗、报，此五者，国之典祀也。Gaoyu and King Tai were able to follow Qi, and were offered sacrifices by the Zhou people. All of the Di, Jiao, Zu, Zong, and Bao sacrifices are the national sacrificial rites.
高圉、太王能遵循稷的德政，周人对他们进行报祭。禘、郊、祖、宗、报这五种祭祀，是国家的大典。
加之以社稷山川之神，皆有功烈于民者也。及前哲令德之人，所以为民质也；Besides, the gods of the state, the land, the mountains, and the rivers, all of them have great achievements for the people. As for the former sages with excellent virtues, they are the models for the people;
再加上社稷山川的神灵，他们都对百姓有大功。至于前代有贤德的人，他们是百姓的楷模；
及天之三辰，民所以瞻仰也；及地之五行，所以生殖也；及九州名山川泽，所以出财用也。非是，不在祀典。As for the three celestial bodies in the sky, they are what the people look up to; as for the five elements of the earth, they are for reproduction; as for the famous mountains, rivers, and marshes in the nine regions, they are for producing wealth. Those not in these categories are not in the sacrificial rites.
天上的日月星辰，是百姓仰望的对象；地上的五行，是万物生长繁殖的依据；九州的名山、大河、湖泽，是产生财物的地方。不属于这些的，就不在祭祀的范围之内。
今海鸟至，己不知而祀之，以为国典，难以为仁且知矣。Now that a sea - bird has come, we don't know what it is but sacrifice to it and make it a national rite. It is hard to say that this is benevolent and wise.
现在海鸟来了，自己不了解却去祭祀它，还把这当作国家的祭祀大典，这很难说是仁爱和明智的。
夫仁者讲功，而知者处物。无功而祀之，非仁也；不知而不问，非知也。今兹海其有灾乎？夫广川之鸟兽，恒知而避其灾也。The benevolent value achievements, and the wise handle things properly. Sacrificing to something without achievement is not benevolent; not knowing and not inquiring is not wise. Is there a disaster in the sea this year? The birds and beasts in the vast sea are always able to sense and avoid disasters.
仁人讲究功绩，智者善于处理事物。没有功绩却祭祀它，这不是仁爱；不了解又不询问，这不是明智。今年大海难道有灾害吗？大海上的鸟兽，总是能预知并躲避灾害的。
是岁也，海多大风，冬暖。文仲闻柳下季之言，曰：“信吾过也。季子之言，不可不法也。”使书以为三策。In that year, there were strong winds at sea and it was warm in winter. Wenzhong heard Yanhu's words and said, "I really have made a mistake. Yanhu's words should not be ignored." He ordered his men to write them down on three bamboo slips.
这一年，海上多次刮大风，冬天天气温暖。臧文仲听了柳下季的话，说：“确实是我的过错。柳下季的话，不能不遵循啊。”于是让人把这些话记录在三块竹简上。
