作者:陈丹1,胡志敏2,※,刘茜3,李小花4,张才仕5
作者单位:1.三峡大学附属监利市人民医院检验科;2.武汉市第一医院检验科;3.三峡大学附属监利市人民医院检验科;4.三峡大学附属监利市人民医院检验科;5.三峡大学附属监利市人民医院检验科.
重症监护病房(ICU)使用机械通气(MV)超过48h的患者中,30%都有念珠菌的定植,而确诊为呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的患者中念珠菌定植的比例高达50%,并且预后较差[1]。奥默柯达菌(Kodamaea ohmeri)是一种子囊酵母类真菌,既往曾被命名为奥默毕赤酵母(Pichia/Yamadazyma ohmeri),可以从海水、水果和池塘等环境来源中分离出来,它是季也蒙念珠菌的一种特殊形态,因其具有发酵作用而广泛应用于食品加工技术[2-4]。奥默柯达菌是一种罕见的机会性病原体,最早分离于一位美国白人女性的血液样本[5,6]。近年来相关侵袭感染的报道日趋增多,死亡率高达50%。2024年4月,我院ICU收治一位新冠肺炎老年患者,使用MV治疗,在其支气管肺泡灌洗液中反复培养出单一的奥默柯达菌,卡泊芬净联合两性霉素B治疗后患者临床症状好转、病原学复查阴性。此例奥默柯达菌是感染还是定植?下呼吸道分离出奥默柯达菌是否需要抗真菌治疗?我们以此病例初步探讨一下。
图1胸部CT检查(A)第1天,右肺上叶前段不规则结片影,双肺气肿;(B)第6天,双肺感染性病变较前增多;(C)第23天,见引流管影,双侧胸腔积液较前变化不明显。肺部感染缓解。
图2肺泡灌洗液真菌荧光染色可见酵母样孢子(×400)
图3奥默柯达菌在科玛嘉培养基上35℃空气培养48h后菌落由淡粉色变为淡蓝色。
图4奥默柯达菌MALDI-TOF MS鉴定特征峰(中元汇吉EQS2000)
图5奥默柯达菌YeastOneYO10药敏结果
图6患者ICU治疗期间体温变化
奥默柯达菌感染缺乏特异性临床表现,大部分患者有免疫功能受损,包括重症胰腺炎、糖尿病、血液或实体恶性肿瘤、化疗后中性粒细胞减少症、免疫抑制治疗、糖尿病、慢性肾功能衰竭、严重烧伤和艾滋病病毒感染等[7-14]。除基础疾病外,部分感染奥默柯达菌患者在住院期间还接受了各种侵入性操作,包括:中心静脉导管、外周导管、心脏起搏器、人工二尖瓣和尿道导管等,还有一些患者因蜂窝组织炎或烧伤导致皮肤受损[10,12]。有研究表明,皮肤黏膜屏障的破坏,住院时间过长、气管插管和机械通气也是感染奥默柯达菌的重要风险因素[8]。奥默柯达菌感染最常见的临床表现是体温升高,有咳嗽、咳痰、呼吸困难等呼吸道症状,大多数患者以真菌血症为主,发热和寒战是最常见的临床特征[7,15]。新型冠状病毒感染改变了鼻腔、口咽和肺部微环境,导致局部组织微生态失调[16-18]。皮质类固醇和广谱抗生素的广泛使用,以及新冠肺炎引起的组织损伤可能会促进共生酵母的侵袭感染[1]。有研究显示,新冠肺炎患者与非新冠肺炎患者的肺部微生物菌群存在显著性差异,新冠肺炎患者表现出显著增加的机会致病菌丰度,尤其是鲍曼不动杆菌和念珠菌属,而细菌或真菌的合并感染则与新冠肺炎患者的住院时间延长和死亡率呈正相关[1,19]。除免疫功能低下患者吸入性念珠菌肺炎和血液念珠菌感染播散至肺部外,下呼吸道分离出的念珠菌属不应当作病原体,临床上也不应以“念珠菌肺炎”加以诊断,而“念珠菌肺炎”必须通过组织病理学才能确诊。念珠菌在MV患者中多以定植形式存在,69%的新冠肺炎患者呼吸道有念珠菌定植,其中很大一部分会发展为VAP[1]。当前的普遍共识是,下呼吸道分离出念珠菌应当作为呼吸道定植来管理,在大多数情况下无需进行抗真菌治疗[20]。但是,念珠菌的气道定植可以通过形成多菌生物膜来改变致病菌的抗生素耐药模式,也与持续的免疫抑制和炎症有关,念珠菌气道定植及其伴随的分泌性炎症可能会恶化宿主的细胞免疫功能,特别是在单核细胞和淋巴细胞严重功能障碍的免疫抑制宿主中,这会导致念珠菌的有效清除减少,增加VAP的发病率[21-23]。
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