今天，阿里巴巴全球数学竞赛组委会发布情况说明；江苏省涟水中等专业学校发布情况通报：据调查了解，在2024阿里巴巴全球数学竞赛预选赛中，我校教师王某某对指导的学生提供帮助，违反了预选赛关于“禁止与他人讨论”的规则。
🤔️小作业：
1. What is one of the main conclusions from Amos Schurr's research on cheating?
A) People are more likely to cheat when they work independently.
B) Winning a previous competition can increase dishonest behavior.
C) Group ethics have no effect on an individual's likelihood to cheat.
D) People tend to cheat less when money is involved.
A) It is a fixed standard that applies to everyone equally.
B) It varies based on how people perceive their own actions.
C) It is established during childhood and rarely changes.
D) It becomes stricter when individuals are in a group setting.
无注释原文：
We all know cheating is bad. So why do we do it?
From: BBC
Getting ahead using unethical means isn't distinct to sport. There are many instances in our work, personal and social lives where the temptation to give ourselves a secret boost may be all too enticing. But it is not only driven by greed, say experts. So why exactly do some people cheat? Is it just that they are morally corrupt or greedy? And does our often competitive society encourage it?
The science of cheating
Psychologists have found that winning can make people more dishonest, while working as part of team can lead to more deceit.
Amos Schurr, a behavioural psychologist at Ben Gurion University in Israel, has been looking into how group behaviour can make cheating seem okay and how winning a competition can make people more likely to be dishonest.
When they had won at a previous memory or trivia game, people were more dishonest, keeping more money than was rolled.
The team behind the research conducted a series of experiments, using trivia, memory and dice games, where they watched how 23 volunteers reported their own winnings. The volunteers could win money depending on, for example, what number dice they rolled. Schurr's team found that when they had won at a previous memory or trivia game, people were more dishonest, keeping more money than they were entitled to.
Schurr's team is researching how unethical behaviour may develop after exposure to competitive settings, and how social or group ethics can make people cheat. “We are social creatures – when working in groups, we follow the norms that the group establishes,” says Schurr.
Collaborating in corruption
People cheat when they are encouraged by their peers, according to analysis from the University of Nottingham in the UK, which found cooperation can create ample opportunity for corruption.
Participants in the study were asked to work together on a dice-rolling game to win money. The first participant rolled a die, and then reported the number to his or her partner. If the partner rolled the same number, they both got a pay out.
Perhaps unsurprisingly, the teams often put their heads together to lie to collect these winnings – the instances of winning double rolls were almost 500% higher than what would be expected if it were assumed the participants were being honest. The research found that the highest levels of corruption in a team occurred when the profits were shared equally and when there were strong bonds in a group.
The study's authors, Ori Weiseland Shaul Shalvi, concluded that the corruption and immoral conduct at the roots of recent financial scandals “are possibly driven not only by greed, but also by cooperative tendencies and aligned incentives.”
How to improve
There is good news for those of us who feel guilty and may want to improve our behavior to be more honest in the workplace.
A good sense of perspective can diminish any temptation to cheat, according to research from Harvard Business School that examined whether exposure to other people's behaviour can increase your own dishonesty. It found that when a member of a group behaves dishonestly, it made the group as a whole more likely to behave the same way.
In the study, a group of friends observed a member of their own group cheating at a test, which in turn made them more likely to cheat. But when a group observed a stranger cheating, the group's ethics and behaviour changed in a different way – that is, seeing a stranger cheat actually made the group of friends more likely to honestly complete the test.
The threshold of unacceptable behaviour is not fixed.
“The threshold of unacceptable behaviour is not fixed. Rather, it depends on the perspective through which people view their actions,” concludes Schurr.
So, perhaps if we want to become more honest, it may be a good idea to keep our dishonest rivals close, to maintain perspective on our own behaviour.
- ◆ -
注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为BBC官方译文，仅供参考
含注释全文：
We all know cheating is bad. So why do we do it?
From: BBC
Getting ahead using unethical means isn't distinct to sport. There are many instances in our work, personal and social lives where the temptation to give ourselves a secret boost may be all too enticing. But it is not only driven by greed, say experts. So why exactly do some people cheat? Is it just that they are morally corrupt or greedy? And does our often competitive society encourage it?
通过不道德的手段取得领先优势并非体育界所独有。在工作、个人和社交生活中也会碰到很多类似的情况，让我们忍不住通过隐秘的手段来提升自己的优势。但专家表示，这并不仅仅是因为贪婪。那么，有些人为什么要作弊？这么做仅仅是因为他们道德败坏、贪心不足吗？是我们这个充满竞争的社会促使他们这么做的吗？
unethical
unethical /ˌʌnˈeθ.ɪ.kəl/ 表示“不道德的，不合乎道德标准的”，英文解释为“not ethical (= based on moral beliefs)”
temptation
temptation /tempˈteɪ.ʃən/ 表示“引诱；诱惑”，英文解释为“the wish to do or have something that you know you should not do or have”举个🌰：As a young actress, she resisted the temptation to move to Hollywood. 作为一名年轻的女演员，她抵制住了前往好莱坞的诱惑。
boost
boost /buːst/ 可以作名词也可以作动词，表示“改善；提高；增强；推动”，英文解释为“to improve or increase something”举个🌰：The theatre managed to boost its audiences by cutting ticket prices. 剧院设法通过降低票价来增加观众数量。
📍“佩洛西有病还是先治病吧”文中提到be boosted，get boosted用来指打了加强针（疫苗），也有说booster shot/booster dose.
enticing
enticing /ɪnˈtaɪ.sɪŋ/ 表示“（事物）诱人的，有吸引力的；迷人的”，英文解释为“Something that is enticing attracts you to it by offering you advantages or pleasure.”如：an enticing smile 迷人的微笑。
greed
greed /ɡriːd/ 表示“（尤指对食物或钱财的）贪婪，贪心，贪欲”，英文解释为“a very strong wish to continuously get more of something, especially food or money”举个🌰：I don't know why I'm eating more - it's not hunger, it's just greed! 我不知道自己为什么还想吃——不是因为觉得饿，只是贪嘴！
greedy /ˈɡriː.di/ 表示“贪吃的；贪财的；贪婪的”，英文解释为“wanting a lot more food, money, etc. than you need”如：greedy, selfish people 贪婪自私的人。
The science of cheating 作弊的科学解释
Psychologists have found that winning can make people more dishonest, while working as part of team can lead to more deceit.
心理学家发现，获胜会让人变得更不诚实，而加入一个团队也会引发更多作弊行为。
deceit
deceit /dɪˈsiːt/ 表示“欺骗；欺诈”，英文解释为“(an act of) keeping the truth hidden, especially to get an advantage”举个🌰：The story is about theft, fraud, and deceit on an incredible scale. 小说描述了令人难以置信的盗窃、行骗和欺诈行为。
Amos Schurr, a behavioural psychologist at Ben Gurion University in Israel, has been looking into how group behaviour can make cheating seem okay and how winning a competition can make people more likely to be dishonest.
以色列本·古里安大学行为心理学家阿莫斯·舒尔（Amos Schurr）一直在研究：群体行为如何让作弊变得更容易接受？在竞争中获胜为什么更有可能让人变得不诚实？
When they had won at a previous memory or trivia game, people were more dishonest, keeping more money than was rolled.
当人们在之前的记忆或益智游戏中获胜时，就会变得更不诚实，留下的钱数多于他们实际应得的钱数。
trivia
trivia /ˈtrɪv.i.ə/ 表示“琐事；细枝末节”，英文解释为“details or information that are not important”，也可以解释为“冷知识”（Trivia is unimportant facts or details that are considered to be amusing rather than serious or useful.）举个🌰：She has an encyclopedic knowledge of sports trivia. 她对体育运动的细枝末节无所不知。
roll
roll /rəʊl/ 表示“（使）翻滚；（使）滚动”，英文解释为“to (cause something to) move somewhere by turning over and over or from side to side”举个🌰：The vase rolled off the edge of the table and smashed. 花瓶从桌边滚落下来摔得粉碎。The dog rolled over onto its back. 那只狗翻了个身四爪朝天躺着。
roll作名词，熟词僻义，表示“脂肪堆积的部位，肥胖的部位（尤指腰部）；（人或动物身上由于肥胖而突起的）赘肉，肥肉”，英文解释为“an area of too much fat on your body, especially around your waist”举个🌰：Rolls of fat hung over his belt. 一堆肥肉坠在他的腰带上。
roll在这里指的是“掷骰子”或“掷骰子所决定的金额”。具体来说，这里描述的是通过掷骰子（或类似的随机方法）来决定某个金额，然后有人保留了比实际掷出的金额更多的钱，这体现了不诚实的行为。
The team behind the research conducted a series of experiments, using trivia, memory and dice games, where they watched how 23 volunteers reported their own winnings. The volunteers could win money depending on, for example, what number dice they rolled. Schurr's team found that when they had won at a previous memory or trivia game, people were more dishonest, keeping more money than they were entitled to.
这项研究的幕后团队开展了一系列实验，使用益智、记忆和骰子游戏来测试23位志愿者如何汇报自己的胜利情况。例如，这些志愿者可以根据他们掷出的骰子点数赢钱。舒尔的团队发现，当人们在之前的记忆或益智游戏中获胜时，就会变得更不诚实，留下的钱数多于他们实际应得的钱数。
dice
英式 dice，美式/旧式用法 die，表示“骰子”，英文解释为“a small cube (= object with six equal square sides) with a different number of spots on each side, used in games involving chance”，复数也是dice.
📍roll a die 表示“摇骰子”，英文解释为“Rolling a die means throwing the shape into the air to obtain a certain number to move forward in any game.”
📍God does not play dice with the universe. “上帝不会掷骰子”是物理学家爱因斯坦的一句名言。人们把这句名言当做他断然否定量子力学的证据，因为量子力学把随机性看作是物理世界的内禀性质，但人们其实误解了他。
entitle
entitle /ɪnˈtaɪ.təl/ 1）表示“给…命名，给…题名”，英文解释为“to give a title to a book, film, etc.”举个🌰：His latest book, entitled "LearnAndReocrd", is out this week. 他名为《LearnAndReocrd》的新书将于本周出版。
2）表示“给予权利；使符合资格”，英文解释为“to give someone the right to do or have something”举个🌰：The employer is entitled to ask for references. 雇主有权索要推荐信。
Schurr's team is researching how unethical behaviour may develop after exposure to competitive settings, and how social or group ethics can make people cheat. “We are social creatures – when working in groups, we follow the norms that the group establishes,” says Schurr.
舒尔团队目前的研究课题包括：人们如何在竞争环境中形成不道德的行为？社会或群体伦理如何促使人们作弊？“我们都是社会动物——在群体中工作时，我们都会遵循这个群体所确立的规范。”舒尔说。
exposure
exposure /ɪkˈspəʊ.ʒər/ 1）表示“接触；面临；遭受”，英文解释为“the fact of experiencing something or being affected by it because of being in a particular situation or place”举个🌰：You should always limit your exposure to the sun. 无论什么时候，都不要长时间晒太阳。
2）表示“揭发；揭露”，英文解释为“the fact of something bad that someone has done being made public”举个🌰：The exposure of the politician's love affair forced him to resign. 他在风流韵事曝光后，被迫辞职。
3）表示“（在报纸或电视上的）报道，宣传，曝光”，英文解释为“the fact of an event or information being often discussed in newspapers and on the television, etc.”举个🌰：His last movie got so much exposure in the press. 他最新拍摄的电影受到了新闻媒体的极大关注。
norms
norm /nɔːm/ 通常复数，表示“规范；行为标准”，英文解释为“standards of behaviour that are typical of or accepted within a particular group or society”，如：social/cultural norms 社会/文化规范。
📍the norm 表示“常态，正常行为”，英文解释为“a situation or type of behaviour that is expected and considered to be typical”举个🌰：One child per family is fast becoming the norm in some countries. 每个家庭一个孩子在一些国家正迅速普遍起来。
Collaborating in corruption 协同作弊
People cheat when they are encouraged by their peers, according to analysis from the University of Nottingham in the UK, which found cooperation can create ample opportunity for corruption.
根据英国诺丁汉大学的分析，受到同伴的鼓励时，人们就会作弊。他们发现，他人的配合会大大增加作弊的概率。
peer
peer /pɪər/ 作动词，表示“仔细看，端详；费力地看”，英文解释为“to look carefully or with difficulty”举个🌰：When no one answered the door, she peered through the window to see if anyone was there. 没有人开门，她就费力地透过窗户朝里望去，看是否有人在。
作名词，表示“同龄人；同辈；同等社会地位（或能力）的人”，英文解释为“a person who is the same age or has the same social position or the same abilities as other people in a group”举个🌰：Do you think it's true that teenage girls are less self-confident than their male peers? 你是否认为十几岁的女孩子不如同年龄的男孩子自信？
ample
ample /ˈæm.pəl/ 表示“足够的，充足的，充裕的”，英文解释为“more than enough”举个🌰：You'll have ample opportunity to ask questions after the talk. 演讲结束后你们会有足够的时间提问。
Participants in the study were asked to work together on a dice-rolling game to win money. The first participant rolled a die, and then reported the number to his or her partner. If the partner rolled the same number, they both got a pay out.
这项研究的志愿者被要求在一个掷骰子游戏中展开协作，共同赢钱。第一名志愿者掷了一个骰子，之后把数字报给自己的同伴。如果同伴掷出同样的数字，他们就都能赢钱。
Perhaps unsurprisingly, the teams often put their heads together to lie to collect these winnings – the instances of winning double rolls were almost 500% higher than what would be expected if it were assumed the participants were being honest. The research found that the highest levels of corruption in a team occurred when the profits were shared equally and when there were strong bonds in a group.
不出所料的是，很多团队都会共同商议，然后通过欺骗的方式获得奖金——掷出相同号码的概率比诚实汇报高出近500%。研究发现，当团队成员可以平均享受收益，以及当他们与团队有着密切的关系时，作弊的概率最高。
bond
作名词，bond /bɒnd/ 1）表示“保证金；保释金”，英文解释为“an amount of money that is paid to formally promise that someone accused of a crime and being kept in prison will appear for trial if released”举个🌰：The judge ordered that he post a $10,000 bond pending his appeal of the verdict. 法官判令他在判决上诉期缴纳1万美元的保释金。
2）表示“纽带；联系；关系”，英文解释为“a close connection joining two or more people”如：the bond(s) of friendship/love 友谊的纽带/恋爱关系。
作动词，表示“联合；团结；建立关系”，英文解释为“to develop a close connection or strong relationship with someone, or to make someone do this”举个🌰：The aim was to bond the group into a closely knit team. 其目的在于使整个团体紧密团结在一起。
📍bonding本身可以作不可数名词，表示“人与人之间的关系（或联结）；亲密关系的形成”，英文解释为“the process of forming a special relationship with sb or with a group of people”如：mother-child bonding 母子亲情，female bonding 女性的情谊。
The study's authors, Ori Weiseland Shaul Shalvi, concluded that the corruption and immoral conduct at the roots of recent financial scandals “are possibly driven not only by greed, but also by cooperative tendencies and aligned incentives.”
作为这项研究的作者，奥利·维瑟兰德（Ori Weiseland）和肖·沙尔韦（Shaul Shalvi）总结道，最近的财务丑闻中出现腐败和不道德行为的根源“可能并不仅仅是贪婪，还受到了合作倾向和一致性诱因的推动。”
incentive
incentive /ɪnˈsen.tɪv/表示“激励；刺激；鼓励”，英文解释为“something that encourages you to do sth”举个🌰：There is no incentive for people to save fuel. 没有使人们节约燃料的鼓励办法。
How to improve 如何改进
There is good news for those of us who feel guilty and may want to improve our behavior to be more honest in the workplace.
对于那些感到内疚，并且希望改进行为，以便在职场中更加诚实的人来说，有一个好消息。
A good sense of perspective can diminish any temptation to cheat, according to research from Harvard Business School that examined whether exposure to other people's behaviour can increase your own dishonesty. It found that when a member of a group behaves dishonestly, it made the group as a whole more likely to behave the same way.
哈佛商学院的一项研究对他人的行为是否会加大自身的不诚实概率展开了研究，结果发现，良好的视角可以抵消作弊带来的任何诱惑。该研究发现，当团队成员有不诚实的行为时，整个团队都更有可能采取同样的做法。
perspective
perspective /pəˈspek.tɪv/ 表示“（思考问题的）角度，观点，想法”，英文解释为“a particular way of considering something”举个🌰：Her attitude lends a fresh perspective to the subject. 她的态度为这一问题提供了新的视角。
diminish
1）表示“减少；（使）减弱，缩减；降低”，英文解释为“to become or to make sth become smaller, weaker, etc.”举个🌰：His influence has diminished with time. 随着时间的推移，他的影响已不如从前了。
2）表示“贬低；贬损；轻视”，英文解释为“to make sb/sth seem less important than they really are”举个🌰：I don't wish to diminish the importance of their contribution. 我并不想贬低他们所作贡献的重要性。
In the study, a group of friends observed a member of their own group cheating at a test, which in turn made them more likely to cheat. But when a group observed a stranger cheating, the group's ethics and behaviour changed in a different way – that is, seeing a stranger cheat actually made the group of friends more likely to honestly complete the test.
在这项研究中，当一群好友看到自己的成员在考试中作弊后，他们的作弊概率就会增加。但当这些人看到陌生人作弊时，他们的伦理和行为就会发生不同的变化——也就是说，看到陌生人作弊反而会让这群好友更有可能在考试中公平竞争。
The threshold of unacceptable behaviour is not fixed.
无法确定不可接受的行为的界限究竟在哪里？这似乎难以界定。
threshold
threshold /ˈθreʃ.həʊld/ 表示“界限；临界点；门槛；下限”，英文解释为“A threshold is an amount, level, or limit on a scale. When the threshold is reached, something else happens or changes.”举个🌰 He has a high threshold for pain and a history of fast healing. 他的忍痛力很强，而且有迅速愈合的经历。
“The threshold of unacceptable behaviour is not fixed. Rather, it depends on the perspective through which people view their actions,” concludes Schurr.
“不可接受的行为的界限究竟在哪里？这似乎难以界定。这取决于人们看待自己行为时的视角。”舒尔总结道。
So, perhaps if we want to become more honest, it may be a good idea to keep our dishonest rivals close, to maintain perspective on our own behaviour.
所以，如果我们希望自己变得更加诚实，最好的办法或许是靠近不诚实的对手，以便保持对自身行为的良好视角。
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