斯瓦希里语复合名词：
违反和不违反括号删除规则的原因
莫法特·欧尼奥尼·阿耶加 李奥纳多·查查·姆维塔
肯雅塔大学斯瓦希里语系
摘 要：本文旨在探讨为什么有些斯瓦希里语复合名词违反了括号删除规则，而另外一些则没有。括号删除规则用来阐释由构词成分构建完整单词的过程。该规则中的括号表示语素边界，当括号删除后，构词规则无法再作用于单词的内部结构。基于前人的研究（如Gichuru，2010），本文发现有些斯瓦希里语复合名词违反了括号删除规则，尤其是构词成分组合后单词的中间部分发生了变化。本文的语料取自出版于2015年的《斯瓦希里语词典》，共采用了30个违反括号删除规则的复合名词和30个不违反括号删除规则的复合名词。本研究以齐帕斯基（Kiparsky，1982）提出的词汇形态学理论中的括号删除规则为理论框架，采用定性研究的方法，大量使用了描述和分析研究法。研究结果以图表、表格和描述的形式呈现。本研究有助于我们理解斯瓦希里语复合名词词缀构建的过程，丰富现有关于括号删除规则的研究。
关键词：语素；括号删除规则；缀合法；复合名词
1 Introduction
The topic of this article is found in the general area of morphology. According to Habwe & Karanja (2004), this is a branch of linguistics that deals with word structure. Haspelmath & Sims (2013) describe morphology as a linguistic discipline that examines the internal structure of words. Both sets of scholars agree that morphology is a branch of linguistics that deals with word structure. Morphology as a discipline is divided into two main branches: derivational morphology and inflectional morphology. Inflectional morphology deals with the derivation process of words that are placed at the roots of words to represent different meanings and the process of word formation that does not change the category of the word, but rather modifies the word to express different grammatical categories. Derivational morphology is the process of forming new words from existing ones by inserting affixes into the roots of those words, resulting in a word in a different category (Katamba & Stonham, 2019).
Word formation in Kiswahili is accomplished through a variety of methods such as conversion, abbreviation (acronyms, blending, and clipping), expanding the meaning of words, derivation, translation, and compounding (Rubanza, 1996; Buberwa, 2011; Matinde, 2012). These methods have a special mechanism that produces structures with different characteristics.
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2 The Motivation of the Study
The Brackets Erasure Rule (BER) is a tenet that is used to show the process of building a complete word by using its constituents. The brackets in this rule mark the boundaries of the various constituents which are deleted as the word formation process unfolds. Rules are not allowed access to information concerning the internal structure of a word from the previous levels (Katamba & Stonham, 2019).
The Brackets Erasure Rule has a convention which emphasizes that in word formation the middle brackets are the first to be deleted at the lexical level. As a result of this convention, words interacting at the lexical level cannot be influenced by the rules of phonological cyclicity (Kiparsky, 1982; Katamba & Stonham, 2019). As mentioned above, after the deletion of brackets, words derived from morphology and word formation rules do not have access to the internal structure of words. This convention allows access to the external structure after the brackets are deleted, not the internal structure. The first morph in the whole word can be placed in the plural form without entering the second morph in the whole word (Allen, 1978; Siegel, 1974).
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3 Literature Review
Investigating the process of affixation in Kiswahili compound nouns, Ayiega & Mwita (2021) identify how some of the nouns violate the Bracket Erasure Rule, especially when they allow changes to occur in the middle of a word after various constituents are combined. In addition, they explained the process involved in the formation of Kiswahili compound nouns. This study forms the basis of the current research, that is, the knowledge from Ayiega & Mwita’s (2021) study is useful in identifying compound nouns which violate the Bracket Erasure Rule.
While researching the process of formation of Kigĩchũgũ verbs, Gituru (2019) notes how verbs are derived in Kigĩchũgũ and the processes involved. The study is guided by the lexical morphology theory and the mirror principle. Similarly, in the study, he clearly explains how the Bracket Erasure Rule shows the evolution of verbs that occur in the process of derivation, and how different forms combine into one verb. Gituru’s (2019) study provides us with the basis for explaining the steps of Bracket Erasure Rule in the process of word formation.
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4 The Bracket Erasure Rule
This Bracket Erasure Rule is found within the theory of lexical morphology which was propounded by Kiparsky (1982) and later developed by Katamba & Stonham (2019). Basically, this theory shows the relationship between the rules that form morphological structures and the rules that govern how these structures are pronounced (Kiparsky, 1982; Katamba & Stonham, 2019). The theory states that rules in the lexicon are arranged in a series of levels (Kiparsky, 1982; Katamba & Stonham, 2019; Mcmahon, 2000). This indicates that the affixes that are embedded in the root to form a word are arranged in strata. This article is guided by the tenet of the Bracket Erasure Rule. The BER illustrates the process of building a complete word by using its components. This rule emphasizes that when a level one phonological law has been applied, its brackets are deleted until the word with the full form and lexical meaning as well as the morphological form is found as it appears in the following compound noun mwanamke “woman”.
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5 The Research Methodology
The research employs a qualitative approach which largely uses descriptive and analytical approaches. Data for this study are collected from the Kamusi Kuu ya Kiswahili (2015). We combed through this dictionary and found only 30 compound nouns that violate the Bracket Erasure Rule. In identifying these, we are guided by the change that occurred in the prefix of the second word of the compound noun. All the 30 compound nouns form part of the data. We generate from these 30 compound nouns their plural forms that do not violate the Bracket Erasure Rule and subject them to speaker grammatical judgment on their well-formedness (eg. mwanamke – wanamke). This is done through an unstructured interview with 5 Swahili speakers. The consensus is that they are all ungrammatical. The speakers are also asked to pronounce some compound words so that from the prosody a decision could be made whether they were phrases or compound words. Similarly, we identify 300 compound nouns from Kamusi Kuu ya Kiswahili (2015) that do not violate the BER. Out of 300 only 30 compound nouns are picked from this group. The reason for selecting only 30 words from 300 related nouns in this study is based on the opinion of Milroy (1987) who recommends the use of small samples in language research as large samples can generate highly duplicate data. In Milroy’s opinion, it is clear that average data is useful in this study. Furthermore, a match in number is required between the data that violates BER and one that does not.
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6 The Research Findings
This article addresses the reasons why some Kiswahili compound nouns violate BER while others do not. To answer this research question, we analyze 60 compound nouns, i.e. 30 violating BER and 30 not violating BER. These compound nouns are classified into two categories and given the reasons that lead to the violation and non-violation of the BER. The reasons for some of the compound nouns violating BER are: the visibility of the second morph of the compound noun by the first morph and the contextual use of the compound nouns. In the case of compound nouns not appearing to violate BER, we also identify the reasons which are: the second morph of the compound noun bearing a zero morph and the morphological forming of the compound noun without adding the plural affix in the second morph of the word.
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7 Conclusion
This article has identified the reasons why some of the compound nouns violate the Bracket Erasure Rule while others do not. The reasons this study identifies why some of the Kiswahili compound nouns violate BER are the second morph of the compound noun being visible to the first morph and the contextual use of the compound nouns. We found that the visibility of the second morph of the compound noun by the first morph is caused by grammatical concordance, numerical dissonance especially when the first morph takes the plural affix while the second morph does not, and the tension that arises in some nouns where the word in the second morph has a different affix to the one in the first morph. We also note that these compound nouns violate BER due to the context of use. For example, wana mfalme “prince” and wana wafalme “princes” are both grammatical and are used according to what is being referred to.
In the case of compound nouns that do not violate BER, the researchers identify the following reasons: the second morph of the compound noun bearing a zero morph, and the morphological formation of the compound noun that does not add the plural affix in the second morph of a word due to the routine of not placing plural affix in the second morph in daily conversation.
版权说明
本文作者莫法特·欧尼奥尼·阿耶加，硕士毕业于肯尼亚肯雅塔大学斯瓦希里语系，研究方向为语言学；李奥纳多·查查·姆维塔，肯尼亚肯雅塔大学斯瓦希里语系高级讲师，研究方向为理论语言学和班图语言学。本文发表于《非洲语言文化研究（第四辑）》。
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审核 | 李洪峰 王婷
推送 | 杨若曦
