可能你难以置信，伦敦最吸引我的并不是大英博物馆、西敏寺或者是大本钟，而是坐落在泰晤士河边上的伦敦塔。
It may be hard to believe, but the most attractive place to me in London is not the British Museum, Westminster Abbey, or Big Ben, but the Tower of London, which stands beside the Thames River.
我对那些承载着历史的厚重和悲怆的建筑总是情有独钟，想到在这座城堡监狱里关押过的那些赫赫有名的人物，以及他们跌宕起伏的人生际遇和风起云涌的大时代，就不由得慨叹历史的凝重和无常。
I always have had a particular fondness for those buildings that carry the weight and sorrow of history. When thinking of those famous people who have been imprisoned in this castle prison and their ups and downs of life experiences and prestigious times, I cannot help but lament the importance yet impermanence of history.
伦敦塔的建造者是发动诺曼征服从而开启英国王朝时代的威廉一世，选择在泰晤士河边是为了从水路和陆路控制全伦敦，历时20年兴建完成。到公元13世纪，历代英格兰国王又为这座城堡增加了13座塔楼，形成了一圈环拱的卫城。
The Tower of London was built by William I, who launched the Norman Conquest and started the English dynasty. Its location beside the Thames River was chosen to control London by water and land. It took 20 years to build. By the 13th century, the Kings of England had added 13 towers to the castle, forming a ring of arched Acropolis.
作为宫殿的伦敦塔最后的使用者是斯图亚特王朝的第一位国王詹姆士一世，但是让这座城堡更加著名的是它曾经作为监狱关押过那些举足轻重的人物，以及这些人物背后那些对历史影响深远的事件。
The Tower's last occupant, while it served as a palace, was the first Stuart king, James I, but the castle is even more famous for having served as a prison for some of the most influential people who have carved the events that have made history.
伦敦塔是典型的诺曼式建筑。这是英国建筑历史上一个重要的风格，主要兴盛于公元十一、十二世纪。在这之前，英国的建筑风格主要受罗马风格影响巨大，在这之后则是英国建筑的哥特时代。诺曼风格的建筑是多种建筑风格的糅杂，既有深受罗马文化影响的半圆形拱券、精雕细琢的装饰、粗圆高耸的立柱，也有北欧建筑厚实的石墙、窄小的窗口、方形的塔楼。这种风格的辨识度很高，在伦敦的历史建筑中随处可见。
The Tower of London is a typical Norman building. The Norman architectural style is essential in the history of British architecture, which flourished mainly in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Before that, British architecture was heavily influenced by the Roman style, and after that came the Gothic age of British architecture. Norman architecture was a mixture of many architectural styles, which ranged from the Roman influence of semicircular arches, elaborately carved decorations, and tall, hefty columns to the thick stone walls, narrow Windows, and square towers of Northern European architecture. The style is so recognizable that it can be found all over London's historic buildings.
建筑风格简单介绍了，下面就来看看伦敦塔精彩神秘的监狱历史。
With a brief introduction to the architectural style, here is a look at the Tower of London's fascinating and mysterious history as a prison.
历史上第一位关押在这里的大人物是安妮·博林。提起她就不得不提到她那位赫赫有名的国王丈夫—都铎王朝的第二位国王亨利八世。这位国王最为人所知的是两件事情，杀老婆和改宗教。他一生中有六次婚姻，两任王后死在了他的断头台上。而他的宗教改革则深深的影响了英国和世界的历史。
The first significant figure in history to be imprisoned here was Anne Boleyn. She can only be mentioned while bringing up her famous king husband, Henry VIII, the second Tudor king. The King was best known for two things, the murder of his wives and conversion. He married six times, and two queens died on his scaffold. His Reformation profoundly influenced the history of England and the world.
亨利八世 作者：小荷尔拜因。
现藏于利物浦Walker 美术馆
亨利八世的首位王后是西班牙公主凯瑟琳，本来是他父亲亨利七世为大儿子亚瑟设计的政治联姻，无奈亚瑟王子早逝，亨利不但幸运的接手了大哥的王位，还有大哥的女人。在欧洲，极具宗教精神的继承法规定中，国王的私生子是没有继承王位权利的，因此亨利八世想要得到男性继承人，就只有寄希望于凯瑟琳王后的肚子了。不幸的是，凯瑟琳王后除了女儿玛丽，一直没有为亨利八世生下儿子，于是国王就张罗着要离婚。
The first queen of Henry VIII was Princess Catherine of Spain. It was a political marriage designed by his father, Henry VII, for his eldest son Arthur, but Prince Arthur died early. Henry was lucky to take over the throne of his eldest brother and his brother's fiancé. In Europe, the highly religious laws of succession ruled that illegitimate children of Kings did not have the right to inherit the throne, so Henry VIII had to rely on Catherine for a male heir. Unfortunately, Queen Catherine had never produced a son for Henry VIII except for her daughter Mary, so the King began to seek a divorce.
15世纪到16世纪的西班牙王室是欧洲天主教世界的守护者，甚至连当时的教皇也来自西班牙。而中世纪欧洲君主的婚姻关系必须得到教皇的首肯，这就让亨利八世的离婚变得遥不可及。
The Spanish royal family of the 15th and 16th centuries was considered the guardian of the Catholic world in Europe. Even the Pope of the time came from Spain. In medieval Europe, monarchs had to get papal approval for their marriages, making Henry VIII's divorce a distant prospect.
于是，由一场由婚变引起的席卷英伦的宗教改革发生了。亨利八世宣称成立英国国教，脱离了罗马天主教会，国王自立为英国宗教最高领袖，英国的基督教自称安立甘宗，也称圣公会。这次宗教的改革可以说很大程度上改变了英国之后的历史进程，甚至间接的孕育了美国，也引出了以下几位被囚禁在伦敦塔中的著名人物。
Thus came the Reformation, which swept through England due to marriage. Henry VIII declared the establishment of the Church of England and broke away from the Roman Catholic Church. The King declared himself the highest religious leader in England. British Christianity called itself Anglican and is known as the Anglican Church. This Reformation considerably changed the course of English history. It even indirectly gave birth to the United States and played a part in the incarceration of famous figures in England.
亨利八世如此大动干戈，恨不得与全欧洲大陆的天主教徒为敌，执着的与凯瑟琳王后离婚而要迎娶的安妮·博林小姐，在如愿成为王后之后，很可惜也并未给亨利带来男性的继承人，并逐渐在国王的爱火熄灭之后遭到了抛弃。在反对王后的势力不断的攻击下，早已经厌弃安妮的亨利最终以通奸罪将她囚禁在伦敦塔，随后砍下了他的脑袋。伦敦塔的建筑里开始弥漫着血腥的味道。
Henry VIII insisted on divorcing Queen Catherine and marrying Miss Anne Boleyn,
even though he made enemies with Catholics all over Europe. Anne Boleyn finally became Queen as she wished but unfortunately she did not bring a male heir to Henry and was gradually forgotten after the King's love died down. Under constant attack from opponents of the Queen, Henry, who had already rejected Anne, eventually imprisoned her in the Tower of London for adultery and then chopped off her head. The building of the Tower of London began to smell like blood.
伦敦塔中的安妮·博林 作者：西博
现存法国奥坦市罗林博物馆（Musée Rolin）
亨利冒天下之大不韪的宗教改革，受到了国内天主教保守派的强烈反对。这里面最著名的要属以《乌托邦》而名垂史册的托马斯摩尔，他是英国近代伟大的思想家，也是一名成功的政治家，他当过国会议员，财政副大臣，国会的下议院议长以及大法官。在英国政坛，大法官已经是仅次于国王的第一要人。
Conservative Catholics strongly opposed Henry's defiant Reformation in the country. The most famous is Thomas Moore, who made his name by writing the book 《Utopia》. He was a great thinker in modern England and a successful politician. He had served as a member of Parliament, deputy Chancellor of the Exchequer, Speaker of the House of Commons, and Lord Chancellor. The Lord Chancellor is second only to the King in British politics.
托马斯莫尔 作者：小荷尔拜因。
现藏纽约弗里克博物馆（Frick Collection）
摩尔曾经备受亨利的尊重和信任，但是在亨利发动宗教改革的事情上，摩尔坚守了自己天主教的信仰，坚决反对国王的改革，甚至包括国王离婚的决定。1534年，国王迫使国会通过了《至尊法案》，法院宣布亨利八世为英国教会的最高领袖，所有国民都要宣誓承认。但摩尔坚定地拒绝了。于是，他和国王的关系决裂了，他被关押在伦敦塔中，并最终被执行了死刑。在审判他有罪的法官中，有安妮·博林的父亲、哥哥和叔叔。他们也许没有想到，几年后，安妮也会走上与摩尔相同的断头台。
Moore had been respected and trusted by Henry, but when it came to Henry's religious reforms, Moore stuck to his Catholic faith and opposed the King's reforms, even his decision to divorce. In 1534, the King forced Parliament to pass the Act of Supremacy. The court declared Henry VIII Supreme Head of the Church of England, and all citizens were to take an oath of recognition. Nevertheless, Moore steadfastly refused. His relationship with the King was shattered, and he was imprisoned in the Tower of London and eventually executed. Among the judges who tried him guilty included Anne Boleyn's father, brother, and uncle. They may not have imagined that, a few years later, Anne would end up in the same guillotine as Moore.
亨利八世的儿子爱德华六世逝世之后，这个儿子来自于他的第三任妻子简·西摩，这位王后之前是安妮·博林的女侍官，前任凯瑟琳王后的女儿玛丽推翻并杀掉了爱德华六世指定的继承人简·格雷女王，自己继承了英国国王。简·格雷的故事以后还会讲到。身为天主教徒的玛丽对新教徒进行了残酷的镇压和屠杀，历史上称她为血腥玛丽。这时候，伦敦塔迎来了一位日后的大人物—伊丽莎白·都铎小姐。
After the death of Henry VIII's son Edward VI, who came from his third wife Jane Seymour, who was the former chamberlain of Anne Boleyn, the daughter of his predecessor, Queen Catherine, who had killed Edward VI's designated successor, Queen Jane Grey, and succeeded to the English throne herself. Jane Gray's story will come back to us. Mary, a Catholic, brutally suppressed and massacred Protestants. History calls her Bloody Mary. At this time, the Tower of London welcomed a great woman of the future, Miss Elizabeth Tudor.
玛丽一世 作者：安东尼斯·莫尔
安利·博林的女儿伊丽莎白曾经是王位的继承人，但由于母亲被废而失去了公主的称号。玛丽迫使者为同父异母的妹妹皈依天主教。伊丽莎白虽然表面应承，但暗地里仍然坚持自己的新教信仰。
Anne Boleyn's daughter Elizabeth was once the heir to the throne but lost the title of Princess when her mother was deposed. Mary converted her half-sister to Catholicism, yet Elizabeth secretly held on to her Protestant faith despite her apparent acceptance.
新教徒们以拥立伊丽莎白为由发动了针对玛丽的叛乱，但最终失败了。虽然伊丽莎白一再坚称自己没有参加起义，但仍然被监禁于伦敦塔内，历时两个月，随后被释放但是仍旧遭到软禁。
The Protestants staged a failed rebellion against Mary in the name of crowning Elizabeth. Despite her insistence that she had not taken part in the uprising, Elizabeth was imprisoned in the Tower of London for two months before being released and placed under house arrest.
伊丽莎白一世
四年后，玛丽女王逝世，伊丽莎白按照继承法成为新一任女王，也是都铎王朝的最后一任国王，这就是英国历史上伟大的女王伊丽莎白一世。在她统治的半个世纪里，英国成为欧洲最强大的国家之一。英国文化也在这一时期达到了一个顶峰，莎士比亚、培根都出现在这个时代，英国还确立了北美的殖民地，开始构建全球的殖民体系，这个时期被称为英国的黄金时期。
Four years later, Queen Mary died, and Elizabeth became the new Queen and the last King of the Tudor Dynasty according to the law of succession. She is the remarkable Queen Elizabeth I in English history. Britain became one of the most influential European countries during her half-century rule. British culture also peaked in this period. Shakespeare and Francis Bacon appeared in this era. Apart from that, Britain established the North American colonies and began building a global colonial system. Thus, this period is known as the golden age of Britain.
女王69岁驾崩，由于终身未嫁，被称为童贞女王。
The Queen, who died at 69, was known as the Virgin Queen because she was never married.
最后再讲讲伦敦塔里两位著名的小囚徒，年仅12岁的英国国王爱德华五世和他的弟弟。
Finally, we shall introduce two famous young prisoners in the Tower of London, King Edward V, and his brother, who were only 12 years old.
塔中王子 作者：保罗·德拉罗什
现藏于法国巴黎卢浮宫（Louvre）
时间要回溯到100多年前的玫瑰战争，金雀花王朝的两个支系兰开斯特家族和约克家族进行了长达 30 年的争夺王位的战争。由于两个家族的族徽分别是红玫瑰和白玫瑰，所以这场血腥的家族相残被赋予了一个浪漫的名字，玫瑰战争。
Time goes back more than 100 years to the Wars of the Roses, when two branches of the Plantagenet dynasty, the House of Lancaster and the House of York, fought for the throne for over 30 years. The bloody feud was given the romantic name, the War of the Roses, because the two families bore each the red and white rose, respectively.
公元 1483 年，约克家族的国王爱德华四世驾崩后，12岁的儿子爱德华五世继位，但是王位很快被他父亲的弟弟、他的叔叔理查篡夺。小爱德华和弟弟被囚禁在伦敦塔中，并且神秘失踪。这就是历史上很有名的“塔中王子”。理查得到王位之后最终被都铎家族的亨利七世打败，金雀花王朝在他手里正式终结。
After King Edward IV of York died in 1483, his 12-year-old son Edward V ascended the throne, but soon his father's brother, Richard, took over his position illegally. Young Edward and his brother were imprisoned in the Tower of London and mysteriously disappeared. This part of the famous "Prince In the Tower" in history. Richard took the throne and was eventually defeated by Henry VII of the Tudor family, who brought the Plantagenet dynasty to an official end.
本来这也只是国王家族中反复上演的权力斗争的故事而已。但是塔中王子的不同之处在于，它出现在了莎士比亚的名著《理查三世》里。这幅长度仅次于《哈姆雷特》的剧本，不仅让两位小王子的命运为世人所知，也让伦敦塔被文学赋予了神秘和悲怆的色彩。
It was a recurring power struggle in the King's family. However, the story of the Prince in the Tower differs from other power struggles in England because it appears in Shakespeare's famous work 《Richard III》. The play, second in length only to 《Hamlet》, made the fate of the two little princes known to the world and made the Tower of London a place of literary mystery and tragedy.
第一次来到伦敦，在碎片大厦的最高层遥望泰晤士河对岸的伦敦塔，质朴厚重的诺曼建筑风格下掩埋了多少风起云涌的家国天下事。它是亲身的经历者，也是冷静的旁观者。在我的心目中，作为监狱的伦敦塔甚至比大英博物馆承载了更多的英国历史，这里的一个个囚徒以及他们的故事，串联起了几乎整个英国的千年王朝史。
When I arrived in London for the first time, I gazed across the Thames River at the Tower of London from the top of the Shard. I reflected on the many turbulent family and country affairs buried under the plain and heavy Norman architectural building. The Tower has been through conflicts hundreds of years ago, yet it is also a dispassionate observer. As a prison, the Tower of London carries more British history than even the British Museum. The prisoners and their stories here connect almost the whole British history of the millennium dynasty.
